ILPFC DBS improved social interaction, anxiety and hyperlocomotion in the VPA-exposed offspring. (A) Time spent by the VPA-exposed offspring in chamber E, the center chamber, and chamber S1 during the three-chamber social interaction test following seven days of DBS treatment; (B) preference indices of the saline- and VPA-exposed offspring after DBS treatment; (C) bar chart showing the percentage of time spent in the open arms after DBS treatment; (D) bar chart revealing the total distance traveled in the open field test. * p < 0.05 vs. saline/sham; *** p < 0.001 vs. saline/sham; #
p < 0.05 vs. VPA/sham; ##
p < 0.01 vs. VPA/sham; ###
p < 0.001 vs. VPA/sham. Sample sizes (n): saline/sham n = 7, saline/DBS n = 5, VPA/sham n = 9, VPA/DBS n = 7.