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. 2018 Sep 19;19(9):2839. doi: 10.3390/ijms19092839

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Effects of ASWP and three ASEPs on cell viability; phagocytic activity; and the production of nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-12 in RAW264.7 macrophages. ASWP was obtained from Aster scaber using hot water extraction and ASEP-A, ASEP-C, and ASEP-P were obtained from Aster scaber using α-amylase, cellulase, and pectinase, respectively, in an enzyme-assisted extraction. RAW264.7 macrophages were stimulated with the polysaccharide samples at 1, 10, or 100 μg/mL. LPS (1 μg/mL) was used as the positive control (PC). (A) Cell viability was determined by the cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay; (B) Phagocytic activity was determined using a phagocytosis assay; (C) NO levels in the culture media were determined by measuring nitrite accumulation, and the secretion levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-12 were measured by ELISA. (D) mRNA expression levels of iNOS, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-12 in macrophages were quantified by qRT-PCR analysis. Lowercase letters (a–c) indicate significant differences (p < 0.05) among four different polysaccharide samples at the same concentration.