Table 4.
Plasma or serum concentration of metabolites, and breath hydrogen after bread and rice periods.
| Bread (n = 7) | Rice (n = 7) | p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 86.2 ± 5.0 | 87.4 ± 6.9 | 0.52 |
| Insulin (µIU/mL) | 4.0 ± 0.9 | 3.5 ± 1.1 | 0.34 |
| GIP (pg/mL) | 55.2 ± 18.9 | 43.8 ± 21.1 | 0.11 |
| GLP-1 (pg/mL) | 13.6 ± 2.0 | 10.5 ± 2.9 | 0.03 * |
| TG (mg/dL) | 58.4 ± 16.4 | 73.9 ± 29.4 | 0.20 |
| FFA (µEq/L) | 619.6 ± 149.1 | 561.6 ± 281.6 | 0.63 |
| Short-chain fatty acids | |||
| Acetate (µg/mL) | 5.34 ± 4.08 | 4.12 ± 3.06 | 0.70 |
| Propionate (µg/mL) | 0.11 ± 0.09 | 0.06 ± 0.03 | 0.16 |
| Butyrate (µg/mL) | 0.06 ± 0.04 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.12 |
| Breath H2 (ppm) | 23.4 ± 9.9 | 8.2 ± 5.2 | 0.02 * |
All values are means ± SD. After bread period: Bread; After rice period: Rice; p values are derived by two-tailed paired t test. * p < 0.05 for Bread versus Rice.