Table 1.
Characteristics of selected studies on the relationship between secondhand smoking and cancer among never smokers.
| Study | Country | Study Design | Number of Cases (Female %) | Number of Controls (Female %) | Cancer Type | Secondhand Smoking Exposure | Quality Assessment (Stars) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dossus L. (2014) [29] | Europe | Prospective Cohort | 78,217 (100) | 26,072 (100) | Breast cancer | Lifetime * | 8 |
| Tang L.Y. (2013) [30] | China | Case-control | 765 (100) | 818 (100) | Breast cancer | Adulthood * | 6 |
| Al-Zoughool M. (2013) [31] | Canada | Case-control | 44 (70.45) | 436 (70.64) | Lung cancer | Childhood, Adulthood, Lifetime * | 7 |
| Luo J. (2011) [32] | USA | Prospective Cohort | 1692 (100) | 39,330 (100) | Breast cancer | Childhood, Adulthood, Lifetime * | 8 |
| Lu Y. (2011) [33] | USA | Prospective Cohort | 56,015 (100) | 22,991 (100) | Non-Hodgkin lymphoma | Childhood, Adulthood, Lifetime * | 8 |
| Chuang S.C. (2011) [34] | Europe | Prospective Cohort | 72,091 (86.8) | 33,887 (86.7) | All cancer | Childhood * | 8 |
| Yang H.P. (2010) [35] | Poland | Case-control | 358 (100) | 898 (100) | Endometrial cancer | Lifetime * | 7 |
| Heinen M.M. (2010) [36] | Netherland | Prospective Cohort | 1029 (94.5) | 310 (58.7) | Pancreatic cancer | Adulthood *,‡ | 8 |
| Conlon M.S. (2010) [37] | Canada | Case-control | 347 (100) | 775 (100) | Breast cancer | Lifetime * | 7 |
| Reynolds P. (2009) [38] | USA | Prospective Cohort | 49,468 (100) | 7070 (100) | Breast cancer | Childhood, Adulthood, Lifetime * | 8 |
| Pirie K. (2008) [39] | UK | Prospective Cohort | 174,819 (100) | 35,828 (100) | Breast cancer | Adulthood, Lifetime * | 6 |
| Kurahashi N. (2008) [17] | Japan | Prospective Cohort | 21,083 (100) | 7331 (100) | Lung cancer | Adulthood * | 8 |
| Hooker C.M. (2008) [19] | USA | Prospective Cohort (1963) | 7117 (86.9) | 11,722 (72.9) | Rectal cancer | Adulthood * | 7 |
| USA | Prospective Cohort (1975) | 4929 (82.5) | 15,245 (71.5) | ||||
| Hassan M.M. (2008) [40] | USA | Case-control | 88 (53.4) | 471 (52.4) | Hepatocellular carcinoma | Childhood, Adulthood, Lifetime * | 7 |
| Asomaning K. (2008) [41] | USA | Case-control | 138 (59) | 466 (62) | Lung cancer | Lifetime *,‡ | 6 |
| Roddam A.W. (2007) [42] | UK | Case-control | 297 (100) | 310 (100) | Breast cancer | Lifetime * | 8 |
| Alberg A.J. (2007) [20] | USA | Prospective Cohort (1963) | 7117 (NA) | 11,722 (NA) | Bladder cancer | Adulthood * | 7 |
| USA | Prospective Cohort (1975) | 4932 (NA) | 15,249 (NA) | ||||
| Gallicchio L. (2006) [21] | USA | Prospective Cohort (1963) | 7117 (86.9) | 11,722 (72.9) | Pancreatic cancer | Adulthood * | 7 |
| USA | Prospective Cohort (1975) | 4932 (82.5) | 15,249 (71.5) | ||||
| Trimble C.L. (2005) [22] | USA | Prospective Cohort (1963) | 6184 (100) | 8538 (100) | Cervical cancer | Adulthood * | 7 |
| USA | Prospective Cohort (1975) | 4071 (100) | 10,907 (100) | ||||
| Hanaoka T. (2005) [18] | Japan | Prospective Cohort | 14,533 (100) | 5660 (100) | Breast cancer | Lifetime * | 8 |
| Shrubsole M.J. (2004) [43] | China | Case-control | 1013 (100) | 1117 (100) | Breast cancer | Adulthood * | 8 |
| Gammon M.D. (2004) [44] | USA | Case-control | 598 (100) | 627 (100) | Breast cancer | Lifetime * | 6 |
| Rachtan J. (2002) [45] | Poland | Case-control | 54 (100) | 251 (100) | Lung cancer | Childhood * | 8 |
| Mao Y. (2002) [46] | Canada | Case-control | 132 (0) | 343 (0) | Gastric cancer | Lifetime * | 7 |
| Kropp S. (2002) [47] | German | Case-control | 197 (100) | 454 (100) | Breast cancer | Childhood, Adulthood, Lifetime * | 7 |
| Chang-Claude J. (2002) [48] | German | Case-control | 174 (100) | 365 (100) | Breast cancer | Childhood, Adulthood, Lifetime * | 7 |
| Johnson K.C. (2001) [11] | Canada | Case-control | 71 (100) | 761 (100) | Lung cancer | Childhood, Adulthood, Lifetime * | 6 |
| Zhang Z.F. (2000) [49] | USA | Case-control | 26 (NA) | 59 (NA) | Head and neck cancer | Lifetime * | 6 |
| Lee C.H. (2000) [10] | Taiwan | Case-control | 268 (100) | 445 (100) | Lung cancer | Lifetime *,† | 7 |
| Delfino R.J. (2000) [50] | USA | Case-control | 64 (100) | 147 (100) | Breast cancer | Adulthood * | 5 |
| Rapiti E. (1999) [51] | India | Case-control | 58 (70.7) | 123 (54.5) | Lung cancer | Childhood, Adulthood * | 4 |
| Morabia A. (1996) [52] | Switzerland | Case-control | 126 (100) | 620 (100) | Breast cancer | Adulthood | 8 |
| Smith S.J. (1994) [53] | UK | Case-control | 204 (100) | 199 (100) | Breast cancer | Childhood, Adulthood, Lifetime * | 7 |
| Kreiger N. (1993) [54] | Canada | Case-control | 119 (60.5) | 524 (65.8) | Renal cell carcinoma | Adulthood * | 7 |
| Brownson R.C. (1992) [55] | USA | Case-control | 431 (100) | 1166 (100) | Lung cancer | Childhood, Adulthood * | 5 |
| Janerich D.T. (1990) [56] | USA | Case-control | 191 (NA) | 191 (NA) | Lung cancer | Childhood, Adulthood, Lifetime * | 7 |
| Burch J.D. (1989) [57] | Canada | Case-control | 142 (57.0) | 217 (48.4) | Bladder cancer | Adulthood *,‡ | 7 |
| Lam T.H. (1987) [58] | Hong Kong | Case-control | 199 (100) | 335 (100) | Lung cancer | Adulthood * | 7 |
| Koo L.C. (1987) [59] | Hong Kong | Case-control | 88 (100) | 137 (100) | Lung cancer | Childhood, Adulthood, Lifetime * | 7 |
| Lee P.N. (1986) [60] | UK | Case-control | 47 (68.0) | 96 (68.8) | Lung cancer | Adulthood * | 5 |
* Used in main analyses. † The data of lifetime exposure was used in main analyses, because the determination of adulthood or childhood was uncertain. ‡ The data of household exposure was used in main analyses.