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. 2018 Aug 21;19(9):2474. doi: 10.3390/ijms19092474

Figure 3.

Figure 3

The role of IL-6 deficiency in mitochondria dysfunction. IL-6 deficiency negatively regulates PPARα, which results in downregulation of proteins involved in mitochondria biogenesis (e.g., PGC-1α, MTFA, and EndoG) and enzymes of fatty acid oxidation. Furthermore, IL-6 deficiency inhibits expression of cytochrome c, which is involved in the electron transport chain, thereby resulting in cardiac ATP deficiency. Taken together, IL-6 deficiency impairs mitochondria biogenesis as well as fatty acid oxidation, which leads to cardiac energy deficit. Red arrows indicate inhibitory effects of IL-6 deficiency and black arrows represent stimulatory effects or consequences of upstream factors. FA, fatty acid; RXR, retinoid X receptor; PPAR, Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor; PGC-1α, PPARγ coactivator 1α; MTFA, mitochondrial transcription factor A; EndoG, Endonuclease G; Cyto C, cytochrome C; ETC, electron transport chain.