Table 1.

Exosomes and their role in pathogenic infections.

Pathogen	Exosome Host	Role in Infection	References
Leishmania donovani	Macrophages Monoctyes (after IFN-γ treatment) Dendritic cells	• Suppression of immune system • Stimulation of IL-10, and suppression of IL-8 and TNF-α • Pro and anti-inflammatory response	[2,14]
Trypanosoma cruzi	Macrophages	• Evasion of host immune response • Division of exosomes • Apoptosis resistance	[15]
Mycobacterium tuberculosis	Macrophages, plasma	• Pro-inflammatory response	[16]
Mycobacterium bovis	Macrophages	• Pro-inflammatory response	[16]
Mycobacterium avium	Macrophages	• Pro-inflammatory response	[11]
Bacillus anthracis	Retinal pigment epithelial cells	• Transfer of lethal factor to uninfected cells	[17]
Cryptococcus neoformans	Macrophages	• Pro-inflammatory response	[18]
Klebsiella pneumoniae	Epithelial cells	• Pro-inflammatory response	[19]
Toxoplasma gondii	TAg-pulsed-DC2.4 Macrophages	• TH1 immune response • JNK Pathway activation	[20,21]
Plasmodium yoelii	Reticulocytes, Plasma	• Immune response modulation • Reticulocytosis • Change of cell tropism	[2,22]