Table 7.
General characteristics and blood chemistry between placebo and Tocovid group.
| General Characteristics | Placebo Group (N = 23) |
Tocovid Group (N = 22) |
p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | 0.586 | ||
| Male (%) | 15 (65.2) | 16 (72.7) | |
| Female (%) | 8 (34.8) | 6 (27.30 | |
| Race | 0.895 | ||
| Malay (%) | 14 (60.9) | 12 (54.5) | |
| Chinese (%) | 5 (21.7) | 6 (27.3) | |
| Indian (%) | 4 (17.4) | 4 (18.2) | |
| Age (years) | 63.3 ± 10.42 | 59.9 ± 10.24 | 0.283 |
| Duration of DM (years) | 17.9 ± 7.65 | 18.2 ± 10 | 0.893 |
| HbA1c (%) | 8.7 ± 1.5 | 9.0 ± 2 | 0.611 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 138.8 ± 15 | 136.2 ± 18.4 | 0.601 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 78.5 ± 9.4 | 77.0 ± 10.2 | 0.617 |
| Weight (kg) | 78.3 ± 12.8 | 78.2 ± 16.5 | 0.983 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.3 ± 4.7 | 29.4 ± 5.4 | 0.978 |
| Renal Parameters: | |||
| UACR (mg/mmol) | 128.7 ± 164.7 | 66.4 ± 61.8 | 0.101 |
| Serum Creatinine (umol/L) | 125.5 ± 56.6 | 120.2 ± 57.9 | 0.761 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²) | 57.5 ± 25.1 | 63.1 ± 24.1 | 0.445 |
| Biomarkers: | |||
| AGE (µg/mL) | 112.2 ± 149.5 | 136.1 ± 188.4 | 0.646 |
| sRAGE (pg/mL) | 1060.9 ± 438.8 | 1099.9 ± 408 | 0.759 |
| Nε-CML (ng/mL) | 2.4 ± 2.2 | 2.7 ± 2.5 | 0.695 |
| Cystatin C (ng/mL) | 1947.5 ± 1078 | 1941.3 ± 837 | 0.983 |
| Safety Tests: | |||
| Urea (mmol/L) | 8.4 ± 4.7 | 6.3 ± 3.5 | 0.095 |
| Total chol (mmol/L) | 4.2 ± 0.9 | 4.6 ± 0.9 | 0.192 |
| HDL (mmol/L) | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 1.2 ± 0.2 | 0.728 |
| AST (UI/L) | 19.2 ± 6.9 | 25.4 ± 9.1 | 0.013 * |
| ALT (UI/L) | 19.3 ± 11 | 29 ± 15.7 | 0.020 * |
All values are presented as means ± standard deviations. * Data is significant (p < 0.05). N: Number of participants, HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1c, SBP: Systolic blood pressure, DBP: Diastolic blood pressure, BMI: Body mass index, DM: Diabetes mellitus, UACR: Urine albumin to creatinine ratio, eGFR: estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate, AGE: Advanced Glycation Endproduct, sRAGE: soluble Receptor for AGE, Nε-CML: Nε-Carboxymethyllysine, Total chol: Total cholesterol, HDL: High density lipoprotein, AST: Aspartate Aminotransferase, ALT: Alanine aminotransferase.