Table 1.

Changes in plasma gelsolin concentration in selected diseases evaluated using human samples and suggested mechanisms of pGSN concentration changes.

	Disease	pGSN	Material	Detection Method	Suggested Mechanism of pGSN Changes	Ref.
Trauma	Major trauma	↓	blood	western blot	binding of actin from damaged cells, formation of actin-gelsolin complexes	[18]
	Critically ill patients	↓	blood	nucleation assay	binding of actin from damaged cells, formation of actin-gelsolin complexes	[46]
	Burns	↓	blood	ELISA	binding of actin from damaged cells, formation of actin-gelsolin complexes, binding of inflammatory mediators, proteolytic cleavage by MMPs (*)	[12,47,48]
	Traumatic brain injury	↓	blood	ELISA	actin binding, formation of actin-gelsolin complexes, binding of inflammatory mediators and diminishing of neuroinflammation	[50]
	CPB-ALI	↓	blood	ELISA	actin binding, formation of actin-gelsolin complexes, binding of inflammatory mediators	[51]
	Acute liver injury	↓	blood	ELISA	binding of actin released from injured liver	[53]
Infections and infectious-associated diseases	Sepsis	↓	blood	ELISA, nucleation assay	binding of actin from damaged cells, formation of actin-gelsolin complexes, binding of inflammatory mediators	[17,54,55]
	Malaria	↓	blood	nucleation assay, severing assay, western blot, LC/MS/MS	binding of actin released from destroyed erythrocytes, binding of hemozoin and formation of hemozoin-gelsolin complexes	[56,57]
	HBV-induced cirrhosis	↓	blood	2-DE, MS/MS	not defined	[58]
	HAD	↓	CSF	2-DE, 2-D DIGE, western blot	not defined	[59]
		↑	blood	SELDI-TOF	not defined	[60]
Chronic inflammatory diseases	Rheumatic arthritis	↓	blood, synovial fluid	nucleation assay	distribution of gelsolin into inflamed synovial joint space, binding of actin from damaged cells, formation of actin-gelsolin complexes, decreased production (*), proteolytic degradation (*), binding to plasma factors (*)	[61]
		↓	urine	CE-MS	not defined	[62]
		↑	urine	ELISA	not defined	[63]
	Atopic dermatitis	↓	blood	ELISA	binding of inflammatory mediators, prevention of Fas-induced keratinocyte apoptosis (*)	[64]
Neurological disorders	Alzheimer’s disease	↓	CSF	2-D DIGE, MS, ELISA	not defined	[65]
	TBE, LNB	↓	blood	western blot	binding of actin from damaged cells, formation of actin-gelsolin complexes, binding of inflammatory mediators	[66]
	Multiple sclerosis	↓	blood, CSF	western blot	binding of actin from damaged cells, binding of inflammatory mediators and diminishing of neuroinflammation	[67]
	SAH	↓	blood, CSF	ELISA, western blot	proteolytical cleavage by MMP-3, MMP-1 and MMP-9	[68,69,70]
Cancers	Colon cancer	↑	blood	ELISA, western blot	interaction with extracellular environment proteins, increase of colon cancer motility	[71]
	Pancreatic cancer and pancreatitis	↑	blood	SRM, ELISA	not defined	[72]
	Breast cancer	↓	blood	LC-MS/MS, western blot	BRCA1-dependent recruiting of ATF-1	[73]
	Astrocytoma	↓	CSF	2-DE, MALDI-TOF/TOFMS	cleavage by caspase activity	[74]
Other diseases	Chronic kidney disease	↓	blood	nucleation assay	impaired pGSN synthesis due to muscle wasting, actin-mediated increase of gelsolin clearance	[75]
	AAC	↓	blood	ELISA	not defined	[76]
	Diabetes	↓	blood	LC-MS	binding of actin from damaged cells, formation of actin-gelsolin complexes, protein anabolism	[77]
	Diabetic retinopathy	↓	blood	SQ-MRM, SID-MRM	not defined	[78]
	Pre-eclampsia	↓	blood	ELISA	binding of actin from damaged cells, formation of actin-gelsolin complexes, proteolytic cleavage by MMPs	[79,80]
	Rhabdomyolysis	↑	blood	radioimmunoassay	induced synthesis, liberation of GSN from gelsolin-actin complexes	[81]
	FAF	↑	blood	nucleation assay	impaired gelsolin-actin interactions resulting from mutation in pGSN	[82]

Abbreviations: ELISA: enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; CPB-ALI: acute lung injury (ALI) induced by cardiopulmonary bypass; LC/MS/MS: liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; 2-DE: two-dimensional electrophoresis; MS/MS: mass spectrometry analysis; HAD: HIV1-associated dementia; CSF: cerebrospinal fluid; 2-D DIGE: 2-DE difference gel electrophoresis; SELDI-TOF: surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight; TBE: tick-borne encephalitis; LNB: Lyme neuroborreliosis; SRM: selected reaction monitoring; SAH: subarachnoid hemorrhage; CE-MS: capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry; MALDI-TOF: matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight; AAC: aortic arch calcification; SQ-MRM: semiquantitative multiple reaction monitoring; SID-MRM: stable-isotope dilution multiple reaction monitoring; FAF: familial amyloidosis of Finnish type; (*) potential mechanism, not confirmed during the course of the study.