Table 1.

Summary of profibrotic factors that have been targeted with AOs.

Pro-Fibrotic Factor	Function	Model	References
TGFβ1	Pro-fibrotic master—regulator	In vitro and in vivo rodent models of renal fibrosis	[92,93,94]
		In vivo mouse model of tendon scarring	[95]
		In vitro models of hepatic fibrosis	[96]
ALK5	Component of canonical TGFβ1 receptor—TGFβ1 signaling	Ex vivo in cultures of Dupuytren’s patient tissue	[91]
		In vivo mouse model of DMD	[102]
SMAD3	Component of canonical TGFβ1 signaling pathway	In vitro culture of human keloid fibroblasts	[104]
		In vivo mouse model of tendon scarring	[95]
		In vitro and in vivo mouse models of renal fibrosis	[105]
Connexin43	Component of gap junctions—pro-fibrotic factor	In vitro culture of rat cardiac fibroblasts	[63]
		In vivo model of rabbit eye glaucoma trabeculectomy	[68]
		In vivo neonatal mouse model of burn injury	[66]
miR-21	Pro-fibrotic miR	In vivo mouse model of cardiac fibrosis	[106]
		In vivo mouse models of renal fibrosis	[107]
		In vivo mouse models of pulmonary fibrosis	[76]
miR-192	Pro-fibrotic miR	In vivo mouse models of renal fibrosis	[75]
miR-208a	Pro-fibrotic miR	In vivo rodent models of vascular and cardiac fibrosis	[108,109]
miR-34	Pro-fibrotic miR	In vivo mouse and rat models of cardiac fibrosis	[110,111]
CTGF	Downstream pro-fibrotic effector of TGFβ1	In vivo neonatal mouse model of burn injury	[66]
		In vivo rabbit model of hypertrophic scarring	[129]
		In vivo mouse model of tendon scarring	[95]
Periostin	Downstream pro-fibrotic effector of TGFβ1	In vivo rat model of renal injury	[17]
		In vivo mouse model of renal fibrosis	[151]
		In vivo mouse model of surgically induced adhesions	[152]
		In vivo mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis	[153]
		Cultures of multiple human cell lines	[155]
TIMPs	MMP inhibitors and pro-fibrotic factors	In vivo rat model of pulmonary fibrosis	[160]
		In vivo rat model of hepatic fibrosis	[161,162]
bFGF *	Cytokine—pro-fibrotic factor	In vivo rat model of pulmonary fibrosis	[163]
Kras *	Monomeric GTPase—component of signal transduction pathways	In vivo rat model of renal fibrosis	[164]
Sp1 *	Transcription factor	In vitro culture of human dermal fibroblasts and in vivo in murine skin	[165]
NF-κB *	Transcription factor	In vivo mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis	[166]
		In vivo mouse model of interstitial fibrosis	[167]
STAT1 *	Transcription factor	In vivo rat model of pulmonary fibrosis	[168]
HSP27 *	Chaperone	In vitro and in vivo rat model of pulmonary fibrosis	[169]

* These factors are not discussed in the main text of the review.