Table 1.
Major volatile components (>5%) in different Curcuma spp.
| Curcuma Species | Origin | Part Used (Extraction Method) | Major Components (>5%) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| C. aeruginosa Roxb. | Pahang, Malaysia | Rhizome (SD) | 8,9-Dehydro-9-formyl-cycloisolongifolene (35.3%), dihydrocostunolide (22.5%), velleral (10.0%), and germacrone (6.5%) | [28] |
| C. aeruginosa Roxb. | Ratchaburi, Thailand | Fresh rhizome (HD) | Germacrone (23.5%), curzerenone (11.8%) and 1,8-cineole (10.9%) | [29] |
| C. aeruginosa Roxb. | Phetchabun, Thailand | Powdered rhizome (HD) | 1,8-Cineole (22.7%), germacrone (17.7%), furanodiene (11.4%), and β-pinene (8.0%) | [30] |
| C. aeruginosa Roxb. | Malaysia | Rhizome (HD) | 1,8-Cineole (23.2%) and curzerenone (28.4%) | [31] |
| C. aeruginosa Roxb. | Malaysia | Rhizome (HD) | Curzerenone (24.6%), 1,8-cineole (11.0%), camphor (10.6%), zedoarol (6.3%), isocurcumenol (5.8%), curcumenol (5.6%), and furanogermenone (5.5%) | [32] |
| C. aeruginosa Roxb. | Chiang Mai, Thailand | Rhizome (HD) | Camphor (29.4%), germacrone (21.2%), borneol (7.3%), and germacrene B (5.2%) | [2] |
| C. aeruginosa Roxb. | Kerala, India | Rhizome (HD) | Curcumenol (38.7%) and β-pinene (27.5%) | [17] |
| C. aeruginosa Roxb. | Pahang, Malaysia | Rhizome (SE, MTBE) | Methenolone (16.6%), 8,9-dehydro-9-formyl-cycloisolongifolene (15.9%), labd-13-en-15-oic acid,8,12-epoxy-12-hydroxy-γ-lactone (10.8%), propiolic acid, 3-(1-hydroxy)-2 isopropyl-1,5-methylcyclohexyl) (7.8%), and 4-oxo-β-isodamascol (5.2%) | [33] |
| C. aeruginosa Roxb. | Phetchabun, Thailand | Rhizome (SE, hexane) | Dehydrocurdione (27.6%), curcumenol (15.1%), germacrone (10.2%), and gajutsulactone A (6.3%) | [30] |
| C. aeruginosa Roxb. | South India | Leaf (HD) | 1,8-Cineole (17.7%), curzerenone (10.5%), furanogermenone (7.8%), camphor (7.5%), (Z)-3-hexenol (5.8%), and furanodienone (5.1%) | [34] |
| C. aeruginosa Roxb. | Vietnam | Leaf (HD) | Curzerene (16.2%), germacrone (13.6%), 1,8-cineole (13.5%), and camphor (5.7%) | [35] |
| C. albiflora Thwaites | Ratnapura, Sri Lanka | Rhizome (HD) | α-Pinene (14.5%), caryophyllene oxide (9.4%), and alconfor (5.1%) | [13] |
| C. alismatifolia Gagnep. | Prachin Buri, Thailand | Fresh root (HD) | (–)-Xanthorrhizol (52.4%) and ar-curcumene (27.4%) | [36] |
| Prachin Buri, Thailand | Fresh rhizome (HD) | β-Curcumene (42.0%), (-)-xanthorrhixol (36.6%), and ar-curcumene (7.5%) | [36] | |
| C. amada Roxb. | Andhra Pradesh, India | Rhizome (HD) | Myrcene (80.5%) | [37] |
| C. amada Roxb. | Uttarakhand, India | Rhizome (HD) | Myrcene (88.8%) | [38] |
| C. amada Roxb. | Northeastern India | Fresh rhizome (HD) | Myrcene (88.6%) | [39] |
| C. amada Roxb. | New Delhi, India | Rhizome (SD) | (Z)-β-Farnesene (21.9%), guaia-6,9-diene (19.8%), α-longipinene (14.8%), α-guaiene (14.5%), and camphor (5.5%). | [40] |
| C. amada Roxb. | Mysore, India | Fresh rhizome (HD) | (E)-Hydroocimene (15.9%), (Z)-hydroocimene (14.2%), myrcene (14.9%), and linalool (13.4%) | [41] |
| C. amada Roxb. | Lucknow, India | Rhizome (HD) | ar-Curcumene (28.1%), β-curcumene (11.2%), camphor (11.2%), curzerenone (7.1%), and 1,8-cineole (6.0%) | [42] |
| C. amada Roxb. | Uttarakhand, India | Leaf (HD) | Camphor (17.9%), epi-curzerenone (10.8%), curzerenone (9.5%), and isoborneol (7.3%) | [38] |
| C. angustifolia Roxb. | Central India | Rhizome (HD) | Xanthorrhizol isomer (12.7%), methyleugenol (10.5%), and palmitic acid (5.2%) | [43] |
| C. angustifolia Roxb. | Southern India | Rhizome (HD) | Germacrone (12.8%), camphor (12.3%), isoborneol (8.7%), and curdione (8.4%) | [43] |
| C. angustifolia Roxb. | Chiang Mai, Thailand | Root (HD) | β-Elemenone (65.0%) | [44] |
| C. angustifolia Roxb. | Chiang Mai, Thailand | Rhizome (HD) | Camphor (36.9%) and germacrone (31.5%) | [44] |
| C. angustifolia Roxb. | India | Rhizome (HD) | Curzerenone (72.6%) | [45] |
| C. angustifolia Roxb. | India | Leaf (HD) | Curzerenone (33.2%), 14-hydroxy-δ-cadinene (18.6%), and γ-eudesmol acetate (7.3%) | [45] |
| C. aromatica Salisb. | Northeast India | Rhizome (HD) | Camphor (32.3%), curzerenone (11.0%), α-turmerone (6.7%), ar-turmerone (6.3%), and 1,8-cineole (5.5%) | [46] |
| C. aromatica Salisb. | China | Rhizome (SD) | 8,9-Dehydro-9-formyl-cycloisolongifolene (2.7–36.8%), germacrone (4.3–16.5%), ar-turmerone (2.5–17.7%), turmerone (2.6–18.4%), ermanthin (0.8–13.3%), β-sesquiphellandrene (0.3–11.3%), and ar-curcumene (0.3–10.5%). | [47] |
| C. aromatica Salisb. | Assam, India | Rhizome (SD) | Camphor (25.6%), curzerenone (10.9%), germacrone (10.6%), 1,8-cineole (9.3%), isoborneol (8.2%), and camphene (7.4%) | [48] |
| C. aromatica Salisb. | Kerala, India | Rhizome (HD) | Camphor (18.8%), camphene (10.2%), 1,8-cineole (10.1%), borneol (8.2%), and β-elemene (7.5%) | [17] |
| C. aromatica Salisb. | Yulin, China | Fresh rhizome (SD) | Curdione (50.6%) and germacrone (9.5%) | [49] |
| C. aromatica Salisb. | Japan | Dry rhizome (SD) | Curcumol (35.8%), 1,8-cineole (12.2%), ar-turmerone (7.0%), linalool (6.4%), humulene oxide (6.1%), and caryophyllene oxide (5.9%) | [50] |
| C. aromatica Salisb. | Kerala, India | Rhizome (HD) | Xanthorrhizol (26.3%), ar-curcumene (19.5%), and di-epi-α-cedrene (16.5%) | [51] |
| C. aromatica Salisb. | Ratnapura, Sri Lanka | Rhizome (HD) | Camphor (32.3%), curzerenone (11.0%), α-turmerone (6.7%), ar-turmerone (6.3%), and 1,8-cineole (5.5%) | [13] |
| C. aromatica Salisb. | Thailand | Rhizome (HD) | 1H-3a,7-methanoazulene (30.0%), curcumene (25.7%), and xanthorrhizol (13.7%) | [52] |
| C. aromatica Salisb. | Thailand | Rhizome (SE, hexane) | Xanthorrhizol (35.1%), 1H-3a,7-methanoazulene (21.8%), and curcumene (13.8%) | [52] |
| C. aromatica Salisb. | Hebei, China | Dry root (HSME) | β-Elemene (6.3%), germacrone (5.6%), and arzingiberone (5.3%) | [53] |
| C. aromatica Salisb. | Hebei, China | Dry root (SD) | Germacrone (9.1%), curcumenol (8.5%), isocurcumenol (7.5%), and arzingiberone (5.1%) | [53] |
| C. aromatica Salisb. | Hebei, China | Dry root (SPME) | Curcumenol (8.9%), isocurcumenol (8.7%), germacrone (6.7%), 1-methoxy-4-(1-propenyl)-benzene (5.7%), and curzerenone (5.3%) | [53] |
| C. aromatica Salisb. | Assam, India | Leaf (SD) | 1,8-Cineole (20.0%), camphor (18.0%) germacrone (11.8%), camphene (9.4%), limonene (8.6%), and isoborneol (6.4%) | [48] |
| C. aromatica Salisb. | Gorakhpur, India | Leaf (HD) | p-Cymene (25.2%), 1,8-cineole (24.0%), α-terpineol (8.1%), and 2-oxabicyclo (3,2,1) octane-1-,4-dimethyl-8-methylene (8.1%) | [37] |
| C. aromatica Salisb. | Northeast India | Leaf (HD) | Camphor (28.5%), curzerenone (6.2%), and 1,8-cineole (6.1%) | [46] |
| C. aromatica Salisb. | Kushtia, Bangladesh | Leaf (HD) | Camphor (26.3%), borneol (16.5%), vinyldimethylcarbinol (12.2%), caryophyllene oxide (6.3%), cubenol (5.6%), and cucumber alcohol (5.2%) | [54] |
| C. aromatica Salisb. | Assam, India | Petiole (SD) | Camphor (16.8%), 1,8-cineole (8.8%), caryophyllene oxide (8.7%), patchouli alcohol (8.4%), isoborneol (6.8%), and elsholtzia ketone (6.0%) | [48] |
| C. aurantiaca Zijp | Kerala, India | Fresh rhizome (HD) | Piperitenone (65.2%), 1,8-cineole (13.1%), and camphor (5.7%) | [55] |
| C. aurantiaca Zijp | Zhejiang, India | Fresh rhizome (HD) | 1,8-cineole (15.3%), camphor (10.1%), germacrone (6.9%), β-elemene (6.3%), curzerene (6.7%), and β-elemenone (5.2%) | [56] |
| C. caesia Roxb. | Kerala, India | Rhizome (HD) | 1,8-Cineole (30.1%), camphor (15.2%), ar-curcumene (14.8%), and camphene (8.2%) | [17] |
| C. caesia Roxb. | Central India | Rhizome (HD) | Camphor (28.3%), ar-turmerone (12.3%), (Z)-β-ocimene (8.2%), ar-curcumene (6.8%), and 1,8-cineole (5.3%) | [57] |
| C. caesia Roxb. | India | Leaf (HD) | 1,8-Cineole (27.0%) and camphor (16.8%) | [58] |
| C. elata Roxb. | Guangzhou, China | Fresh rhizome (SD) | 8,9-Dehydro-9-formyl-cycloisolongifolene (52.2%) and germacrone (14.0%) | [49] |
| C. glans K. Larsen and Mood | Chiang Mai, Thailand | Rhizome (HD) | Germacrone (15.8%), β-pinene (10.0%), camphor (10.0%), and 2-nonanol (6.9%) | [2] |
| C. haritha Mangaly and M. Sabu | Southern India | Rhizome (HD) | Camphor (36.0%), 1,8-cineole (13.9%), isoborneol (10.6%), curdione (6.9%), and camphene (5.7%) | [59] |
| C. harmandii Gagnep. | Vietnam | Rhizome (SD) | 1,8-Cineole (4.5-12.5%), germacrone (9.0–20.5%), β-pinene (1.2–22.6%), β-elemene (6.5–11.3%), and isocurcumenol (3.7–13.4%) | [60] |
| C. harmandii Gagnep. | Vietnam | Root (SD) | Germacrone (24.4%), isocurcumenol (12.9%), and curcumenol (10.8%) | [60] |
| C. harmandii Gagnep. | Vietnam | Leaf (SD) | 1,8-Cineole (13.5%), germacrone (11.5%), and curdione (36.8%) | [60] |
| C. harmandii Gagnep. | Vietnam | Stem (SD) | 1,8-Cineole (21.8%), germacrone (15.5%), and curdione (25.3%) | [60] |
| C. harmandii Gagnep. | Vietnam | Flower (SD) | Curdione (27.0%) and an unidentified oxygenated sesquiterpene (12.3%) | [60] |
| C. inodora Blatt. | Malaysia | Fresh rhizome (HD) | Curzerenone (20.8%), germacrone (11.1%), curdione (7.5%), and 1,8-cineole (5.3%) | [61] |
| C. inodora Blatt. | Malaysia | Leaf (HD) | Curzerenone (16.9%), germacrone (7.5%), 1,8-cineole (5.3%), and farnesol (5.0%) | [61] |
| C. kwangsiensis S.G. Lee and C.F. Liang | Guangzhou, China | Fresh rhizome (SD) | α-Elemene (12.8%), germacrene D (8.2%), spathulenol (5.8%), curdinone (5.9%), and β-bisabolene (5.4%) | [49] |
| C. kwangsiensis S.G. Lee and C.F. Liang | Guangxi, China | Rhizome (HD) | Germacrone (13.2%), β-elemenone (12.8%), β-elemene (4.5–6.8%), curzerenone (5.6–7.6%), and curdione (3.0–6.0%) | [62] |
| C. kwangsiensis S.G.Lee and C.F.Liang | China | Rhizome (HD) | 8,9-Dehydro-9-formyl-cycloisolongifolene (2.37–42.59%), germacrone (6.53–22.20%), and l-camphor (0.19–6.12%). | [63] |
| C. longa L. | Tamil Nadu, India | Dry rhizome (HD) | ar-Turmerone (53.1%), β-turmerone (6.4%), and α-turmerone (6.2%) | [64] |
| C. longa L. | Mumbai, India | Dry rhizome (HD) | ar-Turmerone + turmerone (68–70%) and curlone (12–15%) | [65] |
| C. longa L. | Kanpur, India | Fresh rhizome (HD) | ar-Turmerone (31.7%), α-turmerone (12.9%), β-turmerone (12.0%), and (Z)-β-ocimene (5.5%) | [66] |
| C. longa L. | Gorakhpur, India | Rhizome (HD) | ar-Turmerone (51.7%), β-bisabolene (10.7%), α-turmerone (11.9%), zingiberene (10.2%), and β-caryophyllene (5.6%) | [37] |
| C. longa L. | Gorakhpur, India | Fresh rhizome (HD) | ar-Turmerone (24.4%), α-turmerone (20.5%), and β-turmerone (11.1%) | [23] |
| C. longa L. | Gorakhpur, India | Dry rhizome (HD) | ar-Turmerone (21.4%), α-santalene (7.2%), ar-curcumene (6.6%), and santalenone (5.6%) | [23] |
| C. longa L. | Gorakhpur, India | Fresh rhizome (SE, ethanol) | α-Turmerone (53.4%), β-turmerone (18.1%), and ar-turmerone (6.2%) | [23] |
| C. longa L. | Gorakhpur, India | Dry rhizome (SE, ethanol) | ar-Turmerone (9.6%), α-santalene (7.8%), β-sesquiphellandrene (6.9%), α-turmerone (6.5%), and α-zingiberene (6.1%) | [23] |
| C. longa L. | Karnataka, India | Fresh rhizome (HD) | α-Turmerone (33.5%), ar-turmerone (21.0%), and β-turmerone (18.9%) | [67] |
| C. longa L. | Karnataka, India | Dry rhizome (HD) | ar-Turmerone (30.3%), α-turmerone (26.5%), and β-turmerone (19.1%) | [67] |
| C. longa L. | Karnataka, India | Cured rhizome (HD) | ar-Turmerone (28.3%), α-turmerone (24.8%), and β-turmerone (21.1%) | [67] |
| C. longa L. | Mysore, India | Rhizome (SE, hexane) | ar-Turmerone (21.4%), zingiberene (15.0%), (Z)-β-farnesene (14.0%), ar-curcumene (10.3%), turmerone (6.2%), and curlone (5.1%) | [22] |
| C. longa L. | Bangalore, India | Rhizome (HD) | Turmerone (44.1%), β-turmerone (18.5%), and ar-turmerone (5.4%) | [68] |
| C. longa L. | Gorakhpur, India | Dried rhizome (HD) | ar-Turmerone (49.1%) and α-turmerone (11.6%) | [69] |
| C. longa L. | Calicut, India | Rhizome (HD) | ar-Turmerone (31.1%), curlone (10.6%), turmerone (10.0%), and ar-curcumene (6.3%) | [70] |
| C. longa L. | Calicut, India | Root (HD) | ar-Turmerone (46.8%) and ar-curcumene (7.0%) | [70] |
| C. longa L. | Kuala Selangor, Malaysia | Fresh rhizome (HD) | ar-Turmerone (45.8%) and curcumenol (18.2%) | [71] |
| C. longa L. | Faisalabad, Pakistan | rhizome (SD) | ar-Turmerone (25.3 %), α-tumerone (18.3 %), and curlone (12.5 %) | [72] |
| C. longa L. | Pakistan | Rhizome (HD) | ar-Turmerone (38.6%), a-turmerone (8.9%), and β-turmerone (12.9%) | [73] |
| C. longa L. | Sichuan, China | Dried rhizomes (SD) | ar-Turmerone (49.0%), humulene oxide (16.6%), β-selinene (10.2%), and caryophyllene oxide (5.6%) | [50] |
| C. longa L. | China | Fresh rhizome (HD) | ar-Turmerone (0.9–42.9%), β-turmerone (5.1–42.5%), α-zingiberene (0.3–25.1%), ar-curcumene (1.2–15.7%), and β-sesquiphellandrene (0.1–14.9%) | [74] |
| C. longa L. | Sichuan, China | Rhizome (SFE) | α-Turmerone (40.8%), zingiberene (16.9%), β-turmerone (14.1%), ar-turmerone (11.0%), and β-sesquiphellandrene (10.0%) | [75] |
| C. longa L. | Mara Rosa, Brazil | Rhizome (HD) | ar-Turmerone (33.2%), α-turmerone (23.5%), and β-turmerone (22.7%) | [76] |
| C. longa L. | Mara Rosa, Brazil | Fresh rhizome (HD) | α-Turmerone (42.6%), β-turmerone (16%), ar-turmerone (12.9%), and α-phellandrene (6.5%) | [77] |
| C. longa L. | Minas Gerais, Brazil | Rhizome (SE) | (Z)-γ-Atlantone (33.4%), ar-turmerone (21.8 %), and (E)-γ-atlantone (18.7%) | [78] |
| C. longa L. | Minas Gerais, Brazil | Rhizome (HD) | (Z)-γ-Atlantone (44.0%), (E)-γ-atlantone (18.3%), and ar-turmerone (18.0%) | [78] |
| C. longa L. | Isfahan, Iran | Dry rhizome (HD) | ar-Turmerone (68.9%) and α-turmerone (20.9%) | [79] |
| C. longa L. | Brazil | Rhizome (SFE) | ar-Turmerone (51.9%) and (E)-γ-atlantone (19.6%) | [80] |
| C. longa L. | Brazil | Rhizome (HD) | ar-Turmerone (49.3%) and (E)-γ-atlantone (19.2%) | [80] |
| C. longa L. | Ondo, Nigeria | Fresh rhizome (HD) | Turmerone (35.9%), α-phyllandrene (15.5%), curlone (12.9%), 1,8-cineole (10.3%), and ar-turmerone (10.0%) | [81] |
| C. longa L. | Cameroon | Rhizome (HD) | α-Turmerone (43.1%), ar-turmerone (17.6%), and curlone (17.5%) | [82] |
| C. longa L. | Bhutan | Rhizome (HD) | α-Turmerone (30.0–32.0%), ar-turmerone (17.0–26.0%), and β-turmerone (15.0–18.4%) | [83] |
| C. longa L. | Reunion, France | Rhizome (SD) | α-Turmerone (21.4%), terpinolene (15.8%), zingiberene (11.8%), β-sesquiphellandrene (8.8%), ar-turmerone (7.7%), β-turmerone (7.1%), and β-caryophyllene (5.7%) | [84] |
| C. longa L. | North Central Nigeria | Fresh rhizome (HD) | β-Bisabolene (13.9%), (E)-β-ocimene (9.8%), myrcene (7.6%), 1,8-cineole (6.9%), α-thujene (6.7%), α-phellandrene (6.4%), limonene (5.3%), zingiberene (5.2%), and β-sesquiphellandrene (5.2%) | [85] |
| C. longa L. | North Indian Plains | Rhizome (HD) | 1,8-Cineole (11.2%), α-turmerone (11.1%), β-caryophyllene (9.8%), ar-turmerone (7.3%), and β-sesquiphellandrene (7.1%) | [86] |
| C. longa L. | Kerala, India | Rhizome (HD) | 1,8-Cineole (28.2%), β-elemene (8.2%), camphor (6.9%), α-farnesene (6.3%), and (Z,Z)-farnesol (5.2%) | [17] |
| C. longa L. | São Tomé and Principe | Rhizome (HD) | α-Phellandrene (15.5–30.4%), α-turmerone (12.2–23.9%), 1,8-cineole (10.2–23.0%), ar-turmerone (4.0–12.8%), β-turmerone (4.3–11.5%), and p-cymene (2.5–5.5%) | [87] |
| C. longa L. | Colombo, Sri Lanka | Rhizome (HD) | α-Phellandrene (18.2%), 1,8-cineole (14.6%), p-cymene (13.3%), and terpinolene (11.6%) | [13] |
| C. longa L. | Malaysia | Rhizome (HD) | Furanogermenone (53.1%), germacrone (9.6%) and β-elemene (8.8%), camphor (6.3%), and isofuranodiene (5.6%) | [88] |
| C. longa L. | Malaysia | Rhizome (HD) | α-Tumerone (45.3%), linalool (14.9%), and β-tumerone (13.5%) | [31] |
| C. longa L. | Calicut, India | Flower (HD) | p-Cymen-8-ol (26.0%) and terpinolene (7.4%) | [70] |
| C. longa L. | Reunion, France | Flower (SD) | Terpinolene (67.4%) | [84] |
| C. longa L. | Reunion, France | Leaf (SD) | Terpinolene (76.8%) | [84] |
| C. longa L. | Kanpur, India | Fresh leaf (HD) | α-Phellandrene (9.1%), terpinolene (8.8%), 1,8-cinceole (7.3%), undecanol (7.1), and p-cymene (5.5%) | [66] |
| C. longa L. | Kerala, India | Leaf (HD) | α-Phellandrene (24.4%), terpinolene (13.1%), p-cymene (11.1%), and 1,8-cineole (7.0%) | [89] |
| C. longa L. | Uttar Pradesh, India | Leaf (HD) | p-Cymene (25.4%), 1,8-cineole (18.0%), cis-sabinol (7.4%), and α-pinene (6.3%) | [90] |
| C. longa L. | Bangalore, India | Leaf (HD) | α-Phellandrene (53.4%), terpinolene (11.5%), and 1,8-cineole (10.5%) | [68] |
| C. longa L. | Calicut, India | Leaf (HD) | α-Phellandrene (32.6%), terpinolene (26%), 1,8-cineole (6.5%), and p-cymene (5.9%) | [70] |
| C. longa L. | Bhutan | Leaf (HD) | α-Phellandrene (18.2%), 1,8-cineole (14.6%), p-cymene (13.3%), terpinolene (11.6%), and β-pinene (7.2%), | [83] |
| C. longa L. | Nigeria | Leaf (HD) | α-Phellandrene (47.7%) and terpinolene (28.9%) | [91] |
| C. longa L. | Kerala, India | Leaf (HD) | β-Sesquiphellandrene (22.8%) and terpinolene (9.5%) | [92] |
| C. longa L. | Nainital, India | Leaf (SD) | Terpinolene (71.2%) and 1,8-cineole (6.2%) | [93] |
| C. longa L. | Southern Nigeria | Leaf (HD) | ar-Turmerone (63.4%), α-turmerone (13.7%), and β-turmerone (12.6%) | [94] |
| C. longa L. | Selangor, Malaysia | Leaf (PLE) | α-Phellandrene (13.8–20.7%), 1,8-cineole (14.4–15.1%), terpinolene (7.7–9.4%), and p-cymene (5.0–6.4%) | [95] |
| C. longa L. | Belem, Brazil | Fresh leaf (HD) | β-Phyllandrene (31.5%), α-terpinolene (22.5%), and 1,8-cineole (15.2) | [96] |
| C. longa L. | Vietnam | Leaf (HD) | α-Phellandrene (24.5%), 1,8-cineole (15.9%), p-cymene (13.2%) and β-pinene (8.9%) | [97] |
| C. longa L. | India | Leaf (HD) | Terpinolene (87.8%) | [58] |
| C. longa L. | India | Leaf (HD) | Myrcene (48.8%) and terpinolene (10.1%) | [58] |
| C. mangga Valeton and Zijp | Pahang, Malaysia | Rhizome (SD) | Caryophyllene oxide (18.7%) and caryophyllene (12.7%) | [28] |
| C. mangga Valeton and Zijp | Malaysia | Rhizome (HD) | Myrcene (46.5%) and β-pinene (14.6%) | [98] |
| C. mangga Valeton and Zijp | Penang, Malaysia | Rhizome (HD) | Myrcene (78.7%) and (E)-β-ocimene (5.1%) | [99] |
| C. mangga Valeton and Zijp | Malaysia | Rhizome (HD) | Myrcene (81.4%) | [31] |
| C. nankunshanensis N. Liu, X.B. Ye and Juan Chen | Huizhou, China | Fresh rhizome (SD) | Curdione (23.7%), germacrone (18.8%), 8,9-dehydro-9-formyl-cycloisolongifolene (10.7%), and velleral (6.1%) | [49] |
| C. oligantha Trimen | Badulla, Sri Lanka | Rhizome (HD) | Caryophyllene (15.1%), phytol (13.4), α-humulene (8.2%), γ-elemene (6.1%), and caryophyllene oxide (5.8%) | [13] |
| C. phaeocaulis Valeton | China | Rhizome (SD) | 8,9-Dehydro-9-formyl-cycloisolongifolene (15.6–46.2%), germacrone (8.9–21.2%), curlone (0.8–20.2%), α-caryophyllene (0.1–11.0%), curzerene (0.6–9.8%), and β-elemene (0.6–5.4%) | [100] |
| C. pierreana Gagnep. | Vietnam | Flower (HD) | Isoborneol (27.3%), camphor (24.1%), isobornyl acetate (7.3%), camphene (6.7%), and α-pinene (5.1%) | [101] |
| C. pseudomontana J. Graham | Tamil Nadu, India | Rhizome (HD) | β-Elemenone (22.1%), pseudocumenol (20.7%), germacrone (15.2%), 2-(4-methoxyphenyl) N, N-trimethyl-1-pyrrolamine (13.1%), and (1,5 dimethyl-4-hexenyl)-4-methylbenzene (7.3%) | [102] |
| C. purpurascens Blume | Yogyakarta, Indonesia | Dried rhizome (HD) | Turmerone (13.5%), germacrone (13.2%), ar-turmerone (9.4%), germacrene-B (8.8%), curlone (6.2%), and curzerene (5.8%) | [103] |
| C. rhabdota Sirirugsa and M.F. Newman | Bangkok, Thailand | Fresh rhizome (HD) | Germacrone (24.4%), butyl butanoate (14.2%), sec-butyl butanoate (8.8%), camphene (7.0%), and germacrene B (6.3%) | [104] |
| C. rubescens Roxb. | Guangzhou, China | Fresh rhizome (SD) | Zerumbone (15.5%), ar-turmerone (13.8%), germacrone (13.5%), camphor (8.7%), and aromadendrene oxide (7.1%) | [49] |
| C. sichuanensis X.X. Chen | Chengdu, China | Fresh rhizome (SD) | Germacrone (28.1%), β-elemenone (10.7%), and isoaromadendrene epoxide (8.4%) | [49] |
| C. sichuanensis X.X. Chen | Sichuan, China | Dried rhizome (SD) | ar-Turmerone (43.5%), β-selinene (13.4%), δ-cadinene (13.2%), humulene oxide (8.0%), and curcumol (6.9%) | [50] |
| C. sichuanensis X.X. Chen | Sichuan, China | Rhizome (SD) | epi-Curzerenone (26.9%), germacrone (12.4%), isocurcumenol (9.7%), β-elemene (6.4%), and curzerene (6.2%) | [105] |
| C. singulris Gagnep. | Gia Lai, Vietnam | Fresh rhizome (SD) | Camphor (25.8%) and germacrone (8.0%) | [106] |
| C. sylvatica Valeton | Kerala, India | Rhizome (HD) | α-Fenchene (70.0%) | [17] |
| C. trichosantha Gagnep | Vietnam | Rhizome (HD) | Curdione (47.4%), curcumol (7.0%), and germacrone (6.1%) | [107] |
| C. yunnanensis N. Liu and S.J. Chen | Guangzhou, China | Fresh rhizome (SD) | Germacrone (13.5%), 8,9-dehydro-9-formyl-cycloisolongifolene (13.1%), dihydrocostunolide (12.3%), β-farnesene (7.5%), and aromadendrene oxide (7.4%) | [49] |
| C. zanthorrhiza Roxb. | Mustika Ratu Jakarta, Indonesia | Dry rhizome (SD) | α-Curcumene (64.8%) and camphor (6.0%) | [108] |
| C. zanthorrhiza Roxb. | Chiang Mai Province, Thailand | Rhizome (HD) | α-Terpinolene (24.9%), p-cymen-7-ol (12.2%), p-cymene (8.1%), and β-pinene (6.8%) | [2] |
| C. zanthorrhiza Roxb. | Kuala Selangor, Malaysia | Fresh rhizome (HD) | Xanthorrhizol (31.9%), β-curcumene (17.1%), ar-curcumene (13.2%), citronellyl pentanoate (5.7%), and camphor (5.4%) | [71] |
| C. zanthorrhiza Roxb. | Malaysia | Rhizome (HD) | Xanthorrhizol (44.5%) | [31] |
| C. zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe | MaharajGanj, India | Rhizome (HD) | 1,8-Cineole (18.5%), p-cymene (18.4%), and α-phellandrene (14.9%) | [37] |
| C. zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe | Ruian, China | Rhizome (SD) | Curzerene (29.4%), curdione (19.6%), 1,8-cineole (9.7%), germacrone (9.2%), and β-elemene (8.1%) | [109] |
| C. zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe | Changhwa, Taiwan | Dry rhizome (SD) | Epicurzerene (24.1%), curzerene (10.4%), and curdione (7.0%) | [7] |
| C. zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe | China | Dry rhizome (HD) | Epicurzerene (46.6%), curdione (13.7%), and 5-isopropylidene-3,8-dimethyl-1(5H)-azulenone (9.2%) | [110] |
| C. zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe | Kerala, India | Rhizome (HD) | Epicurzerenone (19.0%), ar-curcumene (12.1%), zingiberene (12.0%), β-sesquiphellandrene (9.8%), curzerene (8.0%), and germacrene B (6.0%). | [17] |
| C. zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe | Gorakhpur, India | Rhizome (HD) | Curzerenone (31.6%), germacrone (10.8%) and camphor (10.3%) | [111] |
| C. zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe | Colombo, Sri Lanka | Rhizome (HD) | Debromofiliforminol (31.5%), camphor (11.8%), aromadendrene (11.8%), benzofuran (8.8%), and germacrone (5.2%) | [13] |
| C. zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe | Gorakhpur, India | Dry rhizome (HD) | Curzerene (31.6%), germacrone (10.8%), and camphor (10.3%) | [111] |
| C. zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe | Northeast India | Rhizome (HD) | Curzerene (22.3%), 1,8-cineole (15.9%), and germacrone (9.0%) | [112] |
| C. zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe | Kerala, India | Rhizome (HD) | 1,8-Cineole (40.8%), curcumenene (18.7%), and camphor (10.2%) | [17] |
| C. zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe | Kerala, India | Rhizome (HD) | 1,8-Cineole (24.6%), β-sesquiphellandrene (21.5%), and elemenone (13.6%) | [17] |
| C. zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe | Thailand | Rhizome (HD) | 1,8-Cineol (37.6%) and curzerenone (13.7%) | [113] |
| C. zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe | Shanghai, China | Commercial | Curzerene (26.5%), 1,8-cineole (12.0%), curcumol (9.0%), pyridine (8.0%), germacrone (7.9%), and β-elemene (7.4%) | [114] |
| C. zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe | Lucknow, India | Leaf (HD) | α-Terpinyl acetate (8.4%), isoborneol (7.0%), dehydrocurdione (9.0%), and selina-4(15),7(11)-dien-8-one (9.4%) | [115] |
HD = hydrodistillation; SD = steam distillation; SE = solvent extract; MTBE = methyl tert-butyl ether; SFE = supercritical fluid extraction; SPME = solid-phase microextraction; HSME = headspace solvent microextraction; PLE = pressurized liquid extraction.