Table 2.
Biological activities of different Curcuma essential oils.
| Curcuma Essential Oil | Biological Activity | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| C. longa rhizome EO | Antihyperlipidemic (in vivo, high-fat diet-induced hyperlipidemia rats, and hyperlipidemic golden Syrian hamsters) | [75,163] |
| Antidiabetic and hypoglycemic (in vivo, obese diabetic rats, ≥620 mg/kg/day) | [164] | |
| Antiobesity (in vivo, obese diabetic rats, ≥620 mg/kg/day) | [165] | |
| α-Glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitor | [96,166,167] | |
| Antioxidant (in vitro, DPPH assay, FRAP assay, superoxide anion assay, and metal chelating assay) | [50,74,168,169] | |
| Neuroprotective (in vivo, postmyocardial ischemia/reperfusion in rats) | [166,170,171,172] | |
| Antiplatelet and antithrombosis (in vivo, myocardial ischemia-reperfusion and thrombosis rat models, 500 mg/kg, p.o.) | [172,173,174] | |
| Cytotoxic (in vitro, KB, P388, PANC-1, B16, LNCaP and HeLa cells) | [23,74,175,176,177,178] | |
| Anti-inflammatory (in vitro) | [176,178,179,180,181] | |
| Antiarthritic and joint-protective (in vivo, i.p., animal model of rheumatoid arthritis) | [23,182] | |
| Hepatoprotective and antihepatotoxic (in vivo, acute ethanol-induced fatty liver in rats, 200 mg/kg) | [23,183] | |
| Antiatherosclerotic | [96] [184] | |
| Hypothermic | [81] | |
| Anxiolytic | [81] | |
| Anticonvulsant | [81] | |
| Spasmolytic | [185] | |
| Antifatty liver (in vivo, acute ethanol-induced fatty liver in rats, 200 mg/kg) | [186] | |
| Antimutagenic (in vitro) | [178,187] | |
| Sedative and anesthetic (in vivo, mouse model and fish) | [81,96] | |
| Antivenom (in vivo, mouse model, Bothrops jararaca and Crotalus durissus venom) | [188] | |
| Antibacterial (Helicobacter pylori, Bacillus cereus, B. coagulans, B. subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Proteus mirabilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) | [189,190] | |
| Antifungal (Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, A. parasiticum, Rhizoctonia solani, Helminthosporium oryzae, Trichoconis padwickii, Curvularia lunata, C. pallescens, C. trifolii, Fusarium verticillioides, F. moniliforme, F. oxysporum, Penicillium digitatum, Alternaria dianthi, Trichophyton longifusus and Colletotrichum falcatum) | [23,77,189,191,192] | |
| Antiaflatoxigenic | [76] | |
| Insecticidal (Odontotermes obesus) | [37,193,194] | |
| Insect repellent | [194,195] | |
| Mosquitocidal (Aedes aegypti and Anopheles quadrimaculatus) | [194] | |
| Phytotoxic (Avena fatua, Echinochloa crus-galli, Allium cepa and Phalaris minor) | [189] | |
| C. longa leaf EO | Cytotoxic (in vitro, Hs578T and PC-3 cells) | [94] |
| Antibacterial | [89,94,194] | |
| Antifungal and antiaflatoxigenic | [89,94,194] | |
| Mosquitocidal | [89,94,194] | |
| C. zedoaria rhizome EO | Antioxidant (in vitro, DPPH assay) | [7,23,111,196,197] |
| Cytotoxic (in vitro, SiHa, SNU-1, HepG2, AGS, B16BL6, SMMC-7721, SKOV3, H1299 and HL-60 cells) | [7,110,114,198,199] | |
| Antiangiogenic (in vitro and in vivo) | [200] | |
| Antitumor (in vivo, hepatoma-transplanted rats) | [201,202,203] | |
| Hypoglycemic (in vivo, streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemic Wistar rats) | [204] | |
| Anti-gingivitis (in vivo, streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemic Wistar rats) | [14,204] | |
| Anti-inflammatory | [14] | |
| Antimicrobial (Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Salmonella typhimurium and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) | [110] | |
| Antifungal (Colletotrichum falcatum) | [37] | |
| Insecticidal (Odontotermes obesus) | [37] | |
| Larvicidal (Anopheles dirus, LC50= 29.69 ppm; Aedes aegypti, LC50= 31.87 ppm) | [129] | |
| C. aeruginosa rhizome EO | Antiandrogenic (in vivo, patients with androgenic alopecia, 5% w/w) | [30] |
| Antinociceptive | [15] | |
| Antipyretic | [15] | |
| Anti-inflammatory | [15] | |
| Hair regrowth stimulant (in vivo, bald males) | [205] | |
| Skin penetration enhancer (in vivo, androgenic alopecia patients) | [30] | |
| Axillary hair-growth suppressant (in vivo, randomized double-blinded trial, 1 and 5% w/w EO) | [206] | |
| Axillary skin-brightness enhancer (in vivo, randomized double-blinded trial, 1 and 5% w/w EO) | [206] | |
| Antibacterial (Enterococcus faecalis, MIC = 6.25 µg/mL; Streptococcus mutans, MIC= 15.63 µg/mL; Staphylococcus aureus, MIC= 125 µg/mL; Bacillus cereus, MIC = 125 µg/mL) | [29,207] | |
| Antifungal (Candida albicans, MIC= 250 µg/mL) | [2] | |
| Antioxidant (in vitro, DPPH assay, EC50 = 24.32 µg/mL) | [29] | |
| C. aromatica rhizome EO | Anti-inflammatory (in vitro) | [47,49] |
| Cytotoxic (in vitro, LNCaP, HepG2, NSCLC and B16 cells) | [47,49,201,208,209] | |
| Antiproliferative (in vitro, Hep-2 cells; in vivo, mouse model with hepatoma) | [210] | |
| Antitumor (in vivo, patients with primary liver cancer; rats with transplanted hepatoma; and mouse model) | [211,212,213] | |
| Chemoprotective and antifibrosis (in vivo, renal interstitial fibrosis rats, 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg BW, i.p.) | [214,215] | |
| Antioxidant (in vitro, DPPH assay, ABTS assay and β-carotene bleaching tests) | [47,50,54,147] | |
| Antiplatelet aggregation and antithrombotic (in vitro and in vivo) | [216] | |
| Antibacterial (Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli) | [47,54,217] | |
| Antifungal (Candida albicans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae) | [47] | |
| Cardioprotective (in vivo, isoproterenol-induced acute myocardial ischemia rats) | [218] | |
| Antidiabetic | [51] | |
| Insecticidal (Liposcelis bostrychophila) | [56] | |
| Antimosquito (Aedes aegypti) | [52] | |
| C. aromatica leaf EO | Antifungal (Colletotrichum falcatum) | [37] |
| Insecticidal (Odontotermes obesus) | [37] | |
| C. phaeocaulis rhizome EO | Antimicrobial (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus) | [100,219] |
| Antifungal (Candida albicans; Saccharomyces cerevisiae) | [100,219] | |
| Antioxidant (in vitro, DPPH assay, IC50 = 2.17–22.36 µg/mL) | [100] | |
| Anti-inflammatory (in vivo, TPA-induced skin inflammation model) | [100] | |
| Cytotoxic (in vitro, LNCaP and B16 cells, IC50 = 20.36–79.44 µg/mL) | [100] | |
| C. zanthorrhiza rhizome EO | Antiproliferative | [220] |
| Anti-inflammatory (in vitro) | [141,221] | |
| Antidiuretic | [141] | |
| Hypotensive | [141] | |
| Antihepatotoxic | [141] | |
| Antioxidant | [141,146] | |
| Antibacterial (Staphylococcus aureus, ZOI = 11.53 ± 0.27 mm) | [2,141,146] | |
| Antifungal (Candida albicans, ZOI = 7.29 ± 0.17 mm) | [2,141] | |
| Analgesic (in vivo, mouse model) | [222] | |
| Antihyperlipidemic (in vivo, rats, 0.2% or 0.5%) | [108] | |
| Antiobesogenic (in vivo, obese rats) | [108] | |
| Hypoglycemic and hypotriglyceridemic (in vivo, diabetic rats) | [223,224] | |
| Larvicidal | [146] | |
| C. amada rhizome EO | Analgesic | [157] |
| Anti-inflammatory | [157] | |
| Antiplatelet | [157] | |
| Cytotoxic (U-87MG, IC50 = 4.92 µg/mL; SJRH30, IC50 = 7.13 µg/mL); RD, IC50 = 7.50 µg/mL) | [157,225,226] | |
| Antitumor (human glioblastoma multiforme cells both in vitro and in nude mice xenografts) | [227] | |
| Hypotriglyceridemic | [157] | |
| Antifungal (Physalospora tucumanensis, Sclerotium rolfsii, Helminthosporium sacchari, Cephalosporium sacchari) | [157,228] | |
| Hepatoprotective (in vivo, carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in male Wister rats) | [156] | |
| Antioxidant (in vitro, DPPH assay, FRAP assay and nitric oxide scavenging assay) | [156,229] | |
| Antibacterial (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella paratyphi, Vibrio cholera, Enterobacter aerogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Serratia marcescens) | [156,229] | |
| Insect repellent and insecticidal (Musca domestica) | [230] | |
| C. mangga rhizome EO | Antibacterial (Staphylococcus aureus, MIC= 1.2 µL/mL; Bacillus cereus, MIC= 11.1 µL/mL; P. aeruginosa, ZOI = 9.0 mm; E. coli, ZOI= 7.0 mm) | [28] |
| Antifungal (Candida albicans, MIC= 3.7 µL/mL; Cryptococcus neoformans, MIC= 0.1 µL/mL) | [28] | |
| C. glans rhizome EO | Antibacterial (Staphylococcus aureus, ZOI= 17.24 ± 0.07 mm) | [2] |
| Antifungal (C. albicans, ZOI= 7.27 ± 0.17 mm) | [2] | |
| C. singularis rhizome EO | Antibacterial (Bacillus subtillis, MIC= 100 µg/mL; E. coli, MIC= 200 µg/mL) | [106] |
| C. alismatifolia rhizome EO | Antioxidant (in vitro, DPPH and FRAP assays) | [36] |
| C. angustifolia rhizome EO | Antioxidant | [45] |
| C. elata rhizome EO | Antioxidant (in vitro, DPPH assay) | [49] |
| Cytotoxic (in vitro, LNCaP, IC50 = 18.4 μg/mL; HepG2, IC50 = 167.75 μg/mL) | [49] | |
| Anti-inflammatory (in vivo, TPA-induced edema model) | [49] | |
| C. kwangsiensis rhizome EO | Cytotoxic (in vitro, LNCaP, B16 and HepG2) | [49,63] |
| Antitumor | [62,63] | |
| Antioxidant | [62,63] | |
| Anti-inflammatory | [62,63] | |
| Bactericidal | [62,63] | |
| Antifungal | [62,63] | |
| Antiviral | [62,63] | |
| C. yunnanensis rhizome EO | Cytotoxic (in vitro, LNCaP, B16 and HepG2) | [49] |
| C. nankunshanensis rhizome EO | Cytotoxic (in vitro, LNCaP, B16 and HepG2) | [49] |
| Anti-inflammatory (in vivo, TPA-induced edema model) | [49] | |
| C. sichuanensis rhizome EO | Cytotoxic (in vitro, LNCaP, B16 and HepG2) | [49] |
| Antioxidant (in vitro, DPPH assay, IC50= 4.52 μg/mL) | [49,50] | |
| Anti-inflammatory (in vivo, TPA-induced edema model) | [49] | |
| C. rubescens rhizome EO | Cytotoxic (in vitro, LNCaP, B16 and HepG2) | [49] |
| Antioxidant (in vitro, DPPH assay, IC50 = 22.32 μg/mL) | [49] | |
| C. purpurascens rhizome EO | Cytotoxic (in vitro, HT-29, IC50 = 4.9 ± 0.4 μg/mL) | [103] |