Table 1.
Representative nonessential host factors that condition susceptibility to plant viruses.
| Host Factor | Cellular Function | Virus and Viral Factor | Host System | Technique | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Viral RNA translation | |||||
| DED1-18 | General translation | BMV RNA2 | Yeast | Genetic screen | [48] |
| RISP and eIF3 | Activation of polycistronic mRNA translation | CaMV TAV | Yeast | Yeast two-hybrid | [50] |
| eIF4G and eIF4G2 | Translation initiation | LMV and PPV VPg | A. thaliana | Genetic analysis | [51] |
| LSM1-7 and PATH1 | Deadenylation-dependent mRNA decapping | BMV, RNA1, RNA2, and RNA3 | Yeast | Genetic analysis of single-mutant strains | [10,49] |
| Virus replication complex formation | |||||
| PEX19 | Transport of membrane proteins to the peroxisome | TBSV p33 | Yeast | Immuno-precipitation | [52] |
| ESCRT proteins | Membrane bending/budding away from the cytoplasm | TBSV p33 | Yeast N. benthamiana | Genome-wide screen | [53] |
| BMV 1a | Yeast | Genetic analysis of single-mutant strains | [54] | ||
| RHP | Induce positive curvature to peripheral ER membranes | BMV 1a | Yeast | Genome-wide screen | [55] |
| SYP71 | Membrane fusion between transport vesicles and target membranes | TuMV 6K2 | A. thaliana | Colocalization with the virus replication complex | [56] |
| ACBP | Lipid biosynthesis | BMV 1a | Yeast | Genome-wide screen | [57] |
| RAB5 | Regulation of endosomal biogenesis | TBSV p33 | Yeast N. benthamiana | Genome-wide screen | [58] |
| SYP81 | Peroxisome protein distribution | TBSV p33 | Yeast N. benthamiana | Yeast two-hybrid | [59] |
| Chl-PGK | Glycolytic, glucogenic, and photosynthetic pathways | BaMV RNA (3′ UTR) | N. benthamiana | Electrophoretic mobility shift and mass spectrometry | [60] |
| ERV14 | ER vesicle formation | BMV 1a | Yeast | Yeast GFP-tagged library | [61] |
| ARF1 | Formation of coat protein complex I vesicles on Golgi membranes | RCNMV p27 |
N. benthamiana
A. thaliana |
Affinity purification and mass spectrometry | [62] |
| ERO1 | Disulfide bond formation within the ER lumen | BMV 1a | Yeast | Genetic analysis | [63] |
| eEF1A | Translation elongation and unfolded protein response | TMV 126K and 3′ UTR of genomic RNA | N. benthamiana | Virus-induced gene silencing | [64] |
| TuMV NIb | A. thaliana | Tandem affinity purification | [65] | ||
| TBSV RdRp | Yeast | Proteomics | [66] | ||
| BaMV RNA (3′ UTR) | N. benthamiana | Electrophoretic mobility shift and mass spectrometry | [67] | ||
| TMV 126K and genomic RNA | N. benthamiana | Virus-induced gene silencing | [64] | ||
| TYMV 3′ UTR | Vigna unguiculata | Luciferase assays in protoplasts | [68] | ||
| Accumulation or activity of the replication proteins | |||||
| LSM1 | Decapping and degradation of cytoplasmic mRNAs | BMV 1a | Yeast | Yeast UV mutagenesis and genetic analysis | [69] |
| OLE1 | Conversion of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids | BMV 2a | Yeast | Yeast UV mutagenesis and genetic analysis | [70] |
| GAPDH | Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis | TBSV p33 | Yeast N. benthamiana | Affinity purification and mass spectrometry | [71] |
| HSP70 and HSP90 | Protein folding, refolding, ubiquitination, regulation of transcription | RCNMV p27 | N. benthamiana | Affinity purification and mass spectrometry | [72,73] |
| HSP70 | TBSV p33 | Yeast | Proteomics | [74,75] | |
| HSC70-2 | BBSV p23 and CP | N. benthamiana | Immuno-precipitation and mass spectrometry | [76] | |
| AtRH8 PpDDXL | mRNA processing | TuMV VPg | A. thaliana Prunus persica | Yeast two-hybrid | [37] |
| AtRH9 | RNA metabolism | TuMV NIb | A. thaliana | Genetic analysis of single-gene mutants | [77] |
| PABP2 PABP4 PABP8 | Translation initiation | TuMV VPg and NIb | A. thaliana | Copurification and genetic analysis | [78,79] |
| TOM1, TOM2, ARL8 | Integral components of membranes | TMV-Cg, ToMV, 130K, and 180K | N. benthamiana A. thaliana | Sucrose gradient sedimentation and affinity purification | [80,81] |
| Virus movement | |||||
| eIF(iso)4E | Translation initiation | TuMV VPg | A. thaliana | EMS mutagenesis | [33] |
| PevMoV, PVY VPg | Capsicum spp. | Comparative mapping | [82,83] | ||
| TEV VPg | A. thaliana Capsicum spp. | Genetic analysis and genetic complementation | [46,84] | ||
| PDL1, PDL2, PDL3 | Cell-to-cell trafficking | GFLV MP and CaMV MP | A. thaliana | Genetic analysis | [85] |
| KNOLLE | Membrane fusion | GFLV MP | BY-2 cells | Immuno-precipitation | [86] |
| PME | Cell wall-modifying enzyme | TMV, CaMV MP | N. tabacum | Renatured blot overlay | [87] |
| MYOSIN XI-2 | Organelle trafficking | TMV 126 kDa | N. benthamiana | Pharmacological disruption and virus-induced gene silencing | [88] |
| Actin | Intra- and intercellular trafficking | TMV, PVX, 126K TBSV p33 | N. benthamiana | Pharmacological disruption and virus-induced gene silencing | [88] |
| FIBRILLARIN | rRNA processing, formation of cajal bodies | GRV ORF3 | N. benthamiana | Virus-induced gene silencing | [89] |
| PVIP1 | Maintenance of the root and shoot apical meristems | TuMV VPg | A. thaliana | Yeast two-hybrid | [90] |
| SYTA | ER-plasma membrane tethering | CaLCV MP TMV and TVCV 30K TuMV P3N-PIPO | A. thaliana | Yeast two-hybrid | [91,92] |
| PCaP1 | Microtubule depolymerization | TuMV P3N-PIPO | A. thaliana | Yeast two-hybrid | [93] |
| SEC24A | Intracellular protein transport | TuMV 6K2 | A. thaliana | Yeast two-hybrid | [19] |
| cPGK2 | Gluconeogenesis and glycolysis | PPV, undetermined | A. thaliana | Genome-wide association mapping | [94] |
| RHD3 | Generation of the tubular ER network | TSWV NSm | A. thaliana N. benthamiana | Genetic analysis | [47] |
| TOR1 TOR2 | Orientation of cortical microtubules | TMV 126/183 k | A. thaliana | Experimental virus evolution | [95] |
| eEF1B | Translation elongation and unfolded protein response | PVX TGBP | N. benthamiana | Yeast two-hybrid, immuno-precipitation | [96] |
| DBP1 | Proteosome-mediated regulation of eIF(iso)4E | PPV and TuMV, undetermined | A. thaliana | Proteomics, yeast two-hybrid, immuno-precipitation | [97] |
| CmVPS41 | Vesicle trafficking from Golgi to the vacuole | CMV 3a | Cucumis melo | Fine mapping | [98] |
| RNA silencing suppression | |||||
| RAV2 | Negative regulation of transcription | TEV HC-Pro and Carmovirus p38 | A. thaliana | Yeast two-hybrid and immuno-precipitation | [99] |
| rgs-CaM | Cellular signaling | TEV HC-Pro | N. tabacum | Yeast two-hybrid | [100] |
| RH8 | mRNA binding and processing | PPV and TuMV VPg | N. benthamianaA. thaliana | Yeast two-hybrid | [37] |
| Nbrgs-CaM | Cellular signaling | TYLCCV DNA satellite βC1 | A. thaliana N. benthamiana | Transcriptional profiling | [32] |
| OsSAMS1 | Ethylene biosynthesis | RDV Pns11 | Oryza sativa | Yeast two-hybrid | [101] |
| AtRAN-F2b | Late endosome to vacuole transport | CaMV MP | A. thaliana | Colocalization and coprecipitation | [102] |
| Virion assembly | |||||
| CK2 CPIP HSP70 CHIP | Protein phosphorylation Cochaperone Protein ubiquitination Ubiquitin ligase |
PVA CP | A. thaliana N. benthamiana | Coprecipitation | [103] |
| Virus accumulation | |||||
| CAT1 | Decomposition of hydrogen peroxide | PepMV p26 | N. benthamiana | Yeast two-hybrid | [104] |
| OsSAMS1 | Ethylene biosynthesis | RDV Pns11 | Oryza sativa | Yeast two-hybrid | [101] |
| RIM1 | Transcription factor | RDV, undetermined | O. sativa | Tos17 insertional mutagenesis | [105,106] |
| FDH1 | Catalyzes oxidation of formate into CO2 | CMV 1a | Capsicum annum | Yeast two-hybrid | [107] |
| CTR3 | Calcium binding in the ER | CMV 1a | C. annuum | Yeast two-hybrid | [107] |
| PDIL5 | Protein folding | BaMMV and BaYMV | Hordeum vulgare | Map-based cloning | [108] |
| MPI7 | Vesicle-mediated transport | CaMV MP | A. thaliana | Yeast two-hybrid | [109] |
| IRE1A, IRE1B and bZIP60 | Unfolded protein response | TuMV 6k2 | A. thaliana | Genetic analysis | [110] |
| eEF1A eEF1B | Translation elongation and unfolded protein response | SMV P3 | Glycine max | Cellular fractionation and Yeast two-hybrid | [111] |
| EXA1 | Adaptor that binds proline-rich sequences | PLAMV, AltMV, and PVX, undetermined | A. thaliana | EMS mutagenesis | [112] |
Virus names: alternanthera mosaic virus (AltMV), bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV), barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV), barley mild mosaic virus (BaMMV), beet black scorch virus (BBSV), brome mosaic virus (BMV), cabbage leaf curl virus (CaLCV), cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV), cucumber mosaic virus (CaMV), grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV), groundnut rosette virus (GRV), lettuce mosaic virus (LMV), pepino mosaic virus (PepMV), plantago asiatica mosaic virus (PIAMV), pepper veinal mottle virus (PevMoV), plum pox virus (PPV), potato virus A (PVA), potato virus X (PVX), rice dwarf virus (RDV), red clover necrotic mosaic virus (RCNMV), soybean mosaic virus (SMV), tobacco etch virus (TEV), tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV), tomato mosaic virus (ToMV), tomato yellow leaf curl China virus (TYLCCV), tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), turnip mosaic virus (TuMV), turnip vein clearing virus (TVCV), turnip yellow mosaic virus (TYMV).