Table 3.
The measurement of bone static (Ob.S/BS, Oc.S/BS, ES/BS, OS/BS, and OV/BV), dynamic (sLS/BS, dLS/BS, MS/BS, MAR, and BFR), and structural (BV/TV, Tb.Th, Tb.N, and Tb.Sp) indices in all the experimental groups at the end of the study.
| Baseline | Normal | HCHF | HCHF + 60 PVE | HCHF + 100 PVE | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ob.S/BS (%) | 5.22 ± 0.77 | 8.67 ± 0.58 a | 4.28 ± 0.30 * | 8.58 ± 0.88 a,# | 8.38 ± 0.92 a,# |
| Oc.S/BS (%) | 4.08 ± 0.64 | 5.74 ± 0.93 | 4.71 ± 0.53 | 5.25 ± 0.22 | 4.22 ± 0.35 |
| ES/BS (%) | 7.47 ± 0.62 | 6.07 ± 0.73 | 12.04 ± 1.37 a,* | 9.49 ± 0.68* | 8.24 ± 0.31# |
| OS/BS (%) | 5.76 ± 1.01 | 9.75 ± 0.72 a | 4.72 ± 0.47* | 8.26 ± 0.32# | 8.46 ± 0.16 a,# |
| OV/BV (%) | 4.70 ± 0.36 | 7.88 ± 0.86 a | 3.47 ± 0.63* | 4.60 ± 0.31* | 4.54 ± 0.69* |
| sLS/BS (%) | 11.34 ± 1.01 | 11.76 ± 0.79 | 13.76 ± 0.77 | 7.82 ± 1.05*,# | 9.98 ± 1.00 |
| dLS/BS (%) | 10.65 ± 0.83 | 10.44 ± 0.86 | 9.13 ± 0.53 | 11.51 ± 0.98 | 8.20 ± 1.23 |
| MS/BS (%) | 17.62 ± 0.89 | 17.11 ± 0.71 | 16.73 ± 0.69 | 14.19 ± 0.61 a | 15.21 ± 0.64 |
| MAR (µm/day) | 1.60 ± 0.07 | 1.65 ± 0.19 | 1.49 ± 0.08 | 1.78 ± 0.14 | 1.42 ± 0.13 |
| BFR (µm3/µm2/day) | 25.45 ± 1.77 | 23.92 ± 1.81 | 21.37 ± 1.41 | 23.53 ± 1.63 | 21.52 ± 2.24 |
| BV/TV (%) | 32.09 ± 2.56 | 29.78 ± 2.30 | 18.98 ± 0.90 a,* | 32.55 ± 1.36# | 30.90 ± 0.63 # |
| Tb.Th (µm) | 108.20 ± 6.95 | 92.68 ± 4.86 | 70.28 ± 13.00 a | 101.44 ± 9.46 | 99.44 ± 6.72 |
| Tb.N (µm−1) | 0.0030 ± 0.0003 | 0.0032 ± 0.0002 | 0.0033 ± 0.0007 | 0.0034 ± 0.0001 | 0.0032 ± 0.0002 |
| Tb.Sp (µm) | 250.47 ± 29.35 | 226.24 ± 17.24 | 313.71 ± 60.97 | 207.64 ± 8.73 | 222.95 ± 13.43 |
The data are expressed as mean ± SEM. Letter ‘a’ indicates significant difference (p < 0.05) compared to the baseline group. Symbol ‘*’ indicates significant difference (p < 0.05) compared to the normal group, and ‘#’ indicates significant difference (p < 0.05) compared to the HCHF group. Abbreviations: HCHF, high-carbohydrate high-fat; PVE, palm vitamin E.