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. 2018 Sep 17;19(9):2795. doi: 10.3390/ijms19092795

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© 2018 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Hyperthermia-induced immunogenicity in immune cells. Diagram summarizes the effects of hyperthermia and heat shock proteins (Hsps) in immune response enhancement in macrophage, dendritic cell, natural killer cell, endothelial cell, adaptive immune cells, and tumor cell. VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; iNOS: inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase; CXCLs: chemokine (C-C motif) ligands; ICAM-1: intracellular adhesion molecule 1; VCAM-1: vascular cell adhesion molecule 1; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor α; NKG2D: natural killer lectin-like receptor gene 2D. HSP: heat shock proteins; TLR: toll-like receptor; ILs: interleukins. The arrows indicate the upregulation effect by hyperthermia.