Table 1.
Characteristics of the study participants by the level of glucose intolerance.
| Variable | Normal (n = 1915) | Prediabetes (n = 197) | T2DM (n = 181) | p for Trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 41.2 (40.6, 41.8) | 44.2 (42.3, 46.1) * | 45.8 (43.8, 47.7) * | <0.001 |
| Female, % | 64.6 (49.9, 63.8) | 56.9 (50.0, 63.8) | 55.8 (48.5, 63.1) | 0.003 |
| Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | 22.3 (22.2, 22.5) | 24.3 (23.7, 24.8) * | 24.4 (23.8, 24.9) * | <0.001 |
| BMI (≥25 kg/m2), % | 23.1 (21.2, 24.9) | 43.2 (36.3, 50.1)* | 41.4 (34.2, 48.6) * | <0.001 |
| Waist (cm) | 79.4 (78.9, 79.9) | 84.8 (83.3, 86.4) * | 86.9 (85.5, 88.3) * | <0.001 |
| Waist: M ≥ 90 & F ≥ 80 cm, % | 36.1 (33.9, 38.1) | 56.4 (49.7, 63.0) * | 62.1 (55.4, 68.9) *,† | <0.001 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 115.3 (114.6, 116.0) | 118.3 (116.6, 120.0) * | 120.9 (1191, 122.6) *,† | <0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 76.6 (76.1, 77.0) | 78.0 (77.0, 79.1) * | 79.4 (78.3, 80.5) * | <0.001 |
| Hypertension, % | 14.4 (12.8, 15.9) | 17.0 (12.0, 21.9) | 24.8 (18.9, 30.7) *,† | <0.001 |
| FPG (mmol/L) | 4.7 (4.6, 4.8) | 5.7 (5.5, 5.9) * | 9.5 (9.3, 9.7) *,† | <0.001 |
| 2hPG (mmol/L) | 5.4 (5.3, 5.5) | 7.5 (7.4, 7.9) * | 13.9 (13.8, 14.2) *,† | <0.001 |
| Fasting insulin (µIu/mL) ± | 7.9 (7.8, 8.2) | 10.5 (9.4, 11.6) * | 11.5 (10.5, 12.5) * | <0.001 |
| HOMA-IR ± | 1.50 (1.45, 1.54) | 2.36 (2.12, 2.64) * | 4.14 (3.67, 4.71) *,† | <0.001 |
| T-Chol (mmol/L) | 4.3 (4.2, 4.4) | 4.5 (4.4, 4.6) * | 4.9 (4.7, 5.0) *,† | <0.001 |
| T-Chol ≥ 5.2 mmol/L, % | 8.7 (7.5, 10.0) | 13.2 (9.1, 18.7) * | 26.0 (20.1, 32.9) *,† | <0.001 |
| Tg (mmol/L) ± | 1.3 (1.1, 1.4) | 1.5 (1.3, 1.6) * | 1.9 (1.8, 2.1) *,† | <0.001 |
| Tg ≥ 1.7 mmol/L, % | 26.1 (24.2, 28.1) | 42.1 (35.4, 49.2) * | 63.5 (56.3, 70.2) *,† | <0.001 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 0.91 (0.90, 0.92) | 0.86 (0.82, 0.89) * | 0.81 (0.77, 0.85) *,† | <0.001 |
| HDL-C: M:<1.04 & F:<1.3 mmol/L, % | 91.3 (90.0, 92.5) | 97.0 (93.4, 99.0) * | 95.6 (91.4, 97.8) * | 0.004 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.76 (2.72, 2.78) | 2.80 (2.70, 2.89) | 2.84 (2.75, 2.92) | 0.016 |
| LDL-C ≥ 3.4 mmol/L, % | 11.3 (9.9, 12.8) | 16.2 (11.7, 22.1) * | 16.0 (11.4, 22.1) | 0.014 |
| High Tg & Low HDL-C, % | 24.6 (22.7, 26.6) | 40.0 (33.2, 46.7) * | 58.7 (51.5, 65.9) *,† | <0.001 |
Data are means (95% confidence interval) or percentages (95% confidence interval) adjusted for age as indicated. ± Geometric means (95% confidence interval) for Tg, fasting insulin and HOMA-IR. * p-values < 0.05 compared with normal; † p-values < 0.05 compared with pre-diabetes. Abbreviation: T2DM, type 2 diabetes; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; 2hPG, 2 h plasma glucose; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance); T-Chol, total cholesterol; Tg, triglycerides; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.