Table 1.
Further bioactive compounds isolated from endophytic fungi (63–105) of mangrove origin.
| Compound Name | Source | Type of Activity [Ref.] | IC50 or MIC Values |
|---|---|---|---|
| Peniphenone B (63) | Penicillium dipodomyicola HN4-3A from Acanthus ilicifolius (Hainan Province, China) | MptpB inhibitory [39] | IC50 0.16 μM |
| Peniphenone C (64) | IC50 1.37 μM | ||
| Talaramide A (65) | Talaromyces sp. HZ-YX1 from Kandelia obovata (Guangdong Province, China) | Mycobacterial serine/threonine protein kinase G (PknG) inhibitory [40] | IC50 55 μM, positive control AX20017 (IC50 = 98 μM) 1 |
| Neosartoryadin A (66) | Neosartorya udagawae HDN13-313 from Avicennia marina (Hainan Province, China) | Anti-influenza A virus (H1N1) [41] | IC50 66 μM; positive control ribavirin (IC50 94 μM); no cytotoxicity against the human leukemia (HL-60) cell line |
| Neosartoryadin B (67) | IC50 58 μM; -//- |
||
| Citrifelin A (68) | Co-culture of Penicillium citrinum MA-197 (from Lumnitzera racemosa) and Beauveria felina EN-135 | Antibacterial against E. coli and S. aureus [42] | MIC 24.5 μM/8.0 μg/mL (both E. coli and S. aureus) |
| Citrifelin B (69) | MICs 5.6 μM/2.0 μg/mL (E. coli) and 11.2 μM/4.0 μg/mL (S. aureus) | ||
| Pinazaphilone A (70) | Penicillium sp. HN29-3B1 from Cerbera manghas (Hainan Island, China) | α-Glucosidase inhibitory [43] | IC50 81.7 μM; positive control acarbose (IC50 = 446.7 μM) |
| Pinazaphilone B (71) | IC50 28.0 μM; -//- |
||
| 6′-Methyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-3,3′,4′,5-tetraol (72) | IC50 2.2 μM; -//- |
||
| Sch 1385568 (73) | IC50 16.6 μM; -//- |
||
| (±)-Penifupyrone (74) | IC50 14.4 μM; -//- |
||
| Microsphaeropsisin C (75) | Co-culture of Trichoderma sp. 307 (from Clerodendrum inerme; Guangdong Province, China) with Acinetobacter johnsonii B2 | α-Glucosidase inhibitory [44] | IC50 188.7 μM; positive control acarbose (IC50 = 703.8 μM) |
| (3R,7R)-7-Hydroxy-de-O-methyllasiodiplodin (76) | IC50 25.8 μM; -//- |
||
| (3R)-5-Oxo-de-O-methyllasiodiplodin (77) | IC50 54.6 μM; -//- |
||
| (3R)-7-Oxo-de-O-methyllasiodiplodin (78) | IC50 178.5 μM; -//- |
||
| (3R)-5-Oxolasiodiplodin (79) | IC50 176.8 μM; -//- |
||
| (3R,4R)-4-Hydroxy-de-O-methyllasiodiplodin (80) | IC50 60.3 μM; -//- |
||
| (3S)-Ozoroalide (81) | IC50 198.1 μM; -//- |
||
| (E)-9-Etheno-lasiodiplodin (82) | IC50 101.3 μM; -//- |
||
| Secalonic acid A (83) | Plant endophyte Setophoma terrestris from a leaf litter collected in a mangrove habitat | Cytotoxic against MDA-MB-435 (melanoma) and SW-620 (colon cancer) cell lines [45] | IC50 0.16 (MDA-MB-435) and 0.41 μM (SW-620) |
| Penicillixanthone A (84) | IC50 0.18 (MDA-MB-435) and 0.21 μM (SW-620) | ||
| Blennolide J (85) | IC50 4.06 (MDA-MB-435) and 6.14 μM (SW-620) | ||
| Hypothemycin (86) | IC50 0.58 (MDA-MB-435) and 2.14 μM (SW-620) | ||
| Penicillixanthone B (87) | IC50 5.20 (MDA-MB-435) and 5.55 μM (SW-620) | ||
| Secalonic acid G (88) | Cytotoxic against MDA-MB-435 and SW-620 cell lines/antibacterial against M. luteus [45] | IC50 3.27 (MDA-MB-435) and 3.67 μM (SW-620)/MIC 7.83 μM (/5 μg/mL) | |
| Rhizovarin A (89) | Mucor irregularis QEN-189 from Rhizophora stylosa (Hainan Island, China) | Cytotoxic against A549 and/or HL-60 (promyelocytic leukemia) cancer cell lines [46] | 9.6 μM (HL-60) |
| Rhizovarin B (90) | 6.3 (A549) and 5.0 μM (HL-60) | ||
| Rhizovarin E (91) | 9.2 μM (A549) | ||
| Penitrem A (92) | 8.4 (A549) and 7.0 μM (HL-60) | ||
| Penitrem C (93) | 8.0 (A549) and 4.7 μM (HL-60) | ||
| Penitrem F (94) | 8.2 (A549) and 3.3 μM (HL-60) | ||
| 10β-Hydroxy-13-desoxypaxilline (95) | 4.6 (A549) and 2.6 μM (HL-60) | ||
| 7-O-Methylnigrosporolide (96) | Pestalotiopsis microspora from Drepanocarpus lunatus (Cameroon) | Cytotoxic against L5178Y (murine lymphoma) cell line or human ovarian (A2780) cancer cell line [47] | IC50 0.7 μM (L5178Y) |
| Pestalotioprolide D (97) | IC50 5.6 μM (L5178Y) | ||
| Pestalotioprolide E (98) | IC50 3.4 (L5178Y) and 1.2 μM; (A2780) | ||
| Pestalotioprolide F (99) | IC50 3.9 μM (L5178Y) | ||
| Penicisulfuranol A (100) | Penicillium janthinellum HDN13-309 from Sonneratia caseolaris (Hainan Province, China) | Cytotoxic against HeLa and HL-60 cell lines [48] | IC50 0.5 (HeLa) and 0.1 (HL-60) μM; |
| Penicisulfuranol B (101) | IC50 3.9 (HeLa) and 1.6 μM (HL-60) | ||
| Penicisulfuranol C (102) | IC50 0.3 (HeLa) and 1.2 μM (HL-60) | ||
| Penicilindole A (103) | Eupenicillium sp. HJ002 from Xylocarpus granatum (South China Sea) | Cytotoxic against A549 and HepG2 cell lines [49] | IC50 5.5 (A549) and 1.5 (HepG2) μM |
| epi-Isochromophilone II (104) | Diaporthe sp. SCSIO 41011 from Rhizophora stylosa (Hainan Province, China) | Cytotoxic against renal carcinoma cell lines: ACHN, OS-RC-2, and 786-O [50] | IC50 4.4 (ACHN), 3.0 (786-O) and 3.9 μM (OS-RC-2) |
| Isochromophilone D (105) | IC50 14 (ACHN), 8.9 (786-O) and 13 μM (OS-RC-2); induced apoptosis (in 786-O cells) in a dose- and time-dependent manner, whereas it did not induce cell cycle arrest at a concentration level up to 10 μM. |
1 Positive control is indicated in case the IC50 value of the respective compound is higher than 10 μM.