Table 2.
Bioactive compounds isolated from soil-derived fungi (149–162) and bacteria (163) of mangrove origin.
| Penicibilaene A (149) | Penicillium bilaiae MA-267 from the rhizospheric soil of Lumnitzera racemosa (Hainan Island, China) | Antifungal against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides [72] | MIC 4.23 μM/1.0 μg/mL |
| Penicibilaene B (150) | MIC 0.45 μM/0.125 μg/mL | ||
| Penicisimpin A (151) | Penicillium simplicissimum MA-332 from the rhizospheric soil of B. sexangula var. rhynchopetala (Hainan Island, China) | Antibacterial and antifungal [73] | MIC 15.1 μM/4.0 μg/mL (E. coli, P. aeruginosa, Vibrio harveyi, Vibrio parahaemolyticus C. gloeosporioides) and 30.3 μM (8 μg/mL) (M. luteus, Vibrio alginolyticus) MIC 15.1 μM/4.0 μg/mL (C. gloeosporioides) |
| Penicisimpin C (152) | MIC 30.5 μM/8.0 μg/mL (E. coli, P. aeruginosa, V. harveyi, V. parahaemolyticus) MIC 30.5 μM (8.0 μg/mL) (C. gloeosporioides) |
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| Simpterpenoid A (153) | Influenza neuraminidase inhibitory activity [74] | IC50 8.1 nM | |
| Penicilone B (154) | Penicillium janthinellum HK1-6, isolated from mangrove rhizosphere soil (Dongzhaigang, Hainan Island) | Antibacterial against methicillin-resistant and -susceptible S. aureus, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis, and -susceptible Enterococcus faecium strains [75] | MIC 6.54 μM/3.13 μg/mL |
| Penicilone C (155) | MIC 11.8–23.5 μM (6.25–12.5 μg/mL) | ||
| Penicilone D (156) | MIC 6.1–24.4 μM (3.13–12.5 μg/mL) | ||
| Rubrumazine B (157) | Eurotium rubrum MA-150 from mangrove-derived rhizospheric soil (Andaman Sea coastline, Thailand) | Cytotoxic in brine shrimp assay [76] | LD50 2.4 μM |
| Dehydroechinulin (158) | LD50 3.5 μM | ||
| Neoechinulin E (159) | LD50 3.9 μM | ||
| Variecolortide C (160) | LD50 9.8 μM | ||
| Penicitol A (161) | Penicillium chrysogenum HND 11–24 from the rhizosphere soil of Acanthus ilicifolius | Cytotoxic against several cancer cell lines and HEK 293 [77] | IC50 4.6–7.6 μM; HeLa, HEK 293, HCT-116, and A549 cell lines |
| Penicitol B (162) | IC50 3.4–9.6 μM; HeLa, BEL-7402 (hepatocellular carcinoma), HEK 293, HCT-116, and A549 cell lines | ||
| Thiasporine A (163) | Actinomycetospora chlora SNC-032 from mangrove swamp sediment sample (Vava’u, Tonga) | Cytotoxic toward non-small-cell lung cancer H2122 cell line [78] | IC50 5.4 μM |