Table 2.
Changes in dietary intake of carbohydrates during the study. Data are means ± SD. Listed p-values are for interactions between group and time assessed by repeated measures ANOVA. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 and *** p < 0.001 for within-group changes from baseline assessed by paired comparison t-tests.
| Activity and Diet | Control Group | Vegan Group | Treatment Effect | p-Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Week 16 | Baseline | Week 16 | |||
| Physical activity (METs) | 2642 (1476–3809) | 2575 (1169–3980) | 2207 (1444–2969) | 2490 (1586–3395) | +351 (−1143 to +1846) | 0.46 |
| Caloric intake (kcal.day−1) | 1923 (1627–2219) | 1582 (1368–1795) ** | 1851 (1695–2007) | 1450 (1249–1652) *** | −60 (−352 to +233) | 0.69 |
| Carbohydrates (% of daily energy) | 45.5 (42.6–48.4) | 46.6 (42.9–50.4) | 46.1 (43.5–48.8) | 69.6 (67.3–71.8) *** | +22.3 (+17.7 to +26.9) | <0.001 |
| Fats (% of daily energy) | 35.6 (32.3–38.9) | 35.0 (31.5–38.4) | 36.1 (34.0–38.1) | 17.5 (15.5–19.4) *** | −17.9 (−22.3 to -13.6) | <0.001 |
| Proteins (% of daily energy) | 16.0 (14.94–17.07) | 16.99 (15.45–18.52) | 16.77 (15.36–18.19) | 12.26 (11.26–13.25) *** | −5.50 (−7.90 to -3.11) | <0.001 |
| Cholesterol (mg/day) | 290 (220–360) | 212 (149–275) | 264 (213–315) | 6.5 (2.5–10.5) *** | −180 (−278 to −82) | <0.001 |
| Total carbohydrates (g/day) | 215 (186–244) | 187 (161–212) | 217 (198–236) | 260 (222–298) * | +70.6 (+28.8 to +115) | 0.001 |
| Total fiber (g/day) | 25.2 (20.9–29.6) | 23.5 (19.6–27.4) | 24.2 (21.0–27.4) | 37.8 (31.4–44.1) *** | +15.3 (+8.0 to +22.6) | <0.001 |
| Soluble fiber (g/day) | 6.42 (5.52–7.31) | 6.80 (5.81–7.79) | 7.02 (6.09–7.96) | 9.87 (7.34–12.4) * | +2.46 (−0.13 to +5.05) | 0.06 |
| Insoluble fiber (g/day) | 18.5 (14.7–22.3) | 16.7 (13.5–19.8) | 17.1 (14.6–19.6) | 27.7 (23.6–31.7) *** | +12.5 (+7.16 to +17.7) | <0.001 |
| Glycemic index | 58.1 (56.2–59.9) | 57.4 (55.3–59.5) * | 57.7 (55.5–59.9) | 54.4 (53.4–55.5) ** | −2.6 (−5.7 to +0.5) | 0.10 |
| Starch (g/day) | 91.6 (78.6–105) | 70.8 (59.2–82.4) ** | 95.6 (82.7–109) | 125 (102–147) ** | +49.6 (+24.9 to +74.2) | <0.001 |
| Sucrose (g/day) | 36.8 (28.6–44.9) | 32.9 (25.5–40.3) | 36.8 (28.2–45.4) | 30.4 (25.9–34.9) | −2.58 (−14.6 to +9.48) | 0.67 |
| Glucose (g/day) | 18.2 (13.5–22.9) | 17.2 (13.1–21.3) | 15.7 (13.4–18.0) | 20.6 (17.3–23.9) * | +5.86 (+0.53 to +11.2) | 0.032 |
| Fructose (g/day) | 18.1 (13.0–23.3) | 17.5 (13.2–21.8) | 17.5 (14.4–20.6) | 22.8 (19.4–26.1) * | +5.94 (−0.49 to +12.4) | 0.07 |
| Lactose (g/day) | 5.99 (3.99–8.00) | 6.17 (3.66–8.68) | 7.18 (4.93–9.43) | 0.56 (0.14–0.98) *** | −6.80 (−10.1 to −3.55) | <0.001 |