Table 1.

Studies of non-antibiotic antimicrobial catheter lock solutions in adult home parenteral nutrition (HPN) patients. CRBSI: catheter-related bloodstream infections.

Authors (Year of Publication)	Study Design	Number of Patients	Intervention	Location	Duration (Days Per Patient)	Outcome	Complications	Notes
Worley, M.V. et al. (2017) [30]	Retrospective cohort	24	70% ethanol, usual care	The United States	362, 235	12.7 versus 2.4 CRBSIs per 1000 catheter days (p = 0.004)	None	Ethanol use was instituted in April 2012. Patients compared before and after that date.
Davidson, J.B. et al. (2017) [11]	Retrospective cohort	8	70% ethanol	The United States	Not given	4.18 versus 0.47 CRBSIs per 1000 catheter days	None reported	Data not available individually for ethanol lock therapy.
John, B.K. et al. (2012) [10]	Retrospective cohort	31	70% ethanol, usual care	The United States	878, 232	3.53 versus 1.65 CRBSIs per 1000 catheter days (p = 0.011)	None	Each patient served as their own control
Opilla, M.T. et al. (2007) [31]	Retrospective cohort	9	25–70%ethanol, usual care	The United States	Not explicitly stated	8.3 versus 3.7 CRBSIs per 1000 catheter days (p = 0.001)	Some patients felt lightheaded and ‘high’ after flush. One patient felt nauseated.	Before-and-after study design.Dwell time 2–4 h.
Wouters, Y. et al. (2018) [21]	Randomized controlled trial	105 randomized, 102 analyzed	2% taurolidine, 0.9% saline	Denmark, Israel, Italy, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom	363, 346	0.33 versus 1.44 CRBSIs per 1000 catheter days (p = 0.002)	No difference in rate of catheter occlusion or patient satisfaction
Tribler, S. et al. (2017) [19]	Randomized controlled trial	41	1.35% taurolidine + 4% citrate + heparin 100 IU/mL, heparin 100 IU/mL	Denmark	481, 331	No CRBSIs in the taurolidine group versus seven CRBSIs in the heparin group (P-log-rank = 0.0034)	No difference in rate of mechanical complications	There were seven positive blood cultures in the taurolidine group but all were classified as contaminants and only one person received antibiotics for a short period
Bisseling, T.M. et al. (2010) [14]	Open-label randomized controlled trial	30	2% taurolidine, heparin 150 IU/mL	The Netherlands	336, 353	0.19 versus 233 CRBSIs per 1000 catheter days (p = 0.008)	None
Klek, S. et al. (2014) [23]	Open-label randomized controlled trial	30	2% taurolidine, 1.35% taurolidine + citrate, 0.9% saline	Poland	365.8, 365, 366	1 CRBSIs in a patient using 1.35% taurolidine + citrate	1 catheter occlusion in a patient using 2% taurolidine	This study was conducted in a group of patients with a low infection rate (0.3–0.4 episodes per patient per year)
Toure, A. et al. (2012) [20]	Retrospective cohort	15	1.35% taurolidine + 4% citrate, 0.9% saline	France	365, 365	6.58 versus 1.09 CRBSIs per 1000 catheter days (p < 0.001)	Not available	Eight patients used taurolidine solution only once a week, the others used it after each PN infusion; each patient served as their own control using a before-and-after study design
Saunders et al. (2015) [15]	Retrospective cohort	22	1.35% taurolidine + 4% citrate or 2% taurolidine, 0.9% saline	The United Kingdom	334, 551	5.71 versus 0.99 CRBSIs per 1000 catheter days (p < 0.0001)	Not available	Three out of 22 patients were using taurolidine for primary prophylaxis