Table 3.

Association between wine consumption and metabolic syndrome (MetS) [34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41].

Clinical Sample	Dose	Duration-Experimental Models	Main Results	References
15,905 Hispanics/Latinos, aged 18–74 years	RW, WW, beer, liquor	Self-report questionnaire	Low levels of wine, related with lower odds of MetS	Vidot D.C., et al., 2016
64,046 participants aged 18–80 years	Beer, wine or spirits/mixed drinks group	Self-report questionnaire	Protective effect against MetS, and low HDL cholesterol	Slagter S.N., et al., 2014
14,375 active or retired civil servants, aged 35–74 years	Beer (350 mL), wine (120–150 mL) or spirits (40 mL).	Standard questionnaire	Consumption of wine in lesser quantities with meals was generally more protective than when taken outside of meals	Vieira B.A., et al., 2016
8103 participants (men = 2687 and women = 5416)	Red or other wines (100 mL), beer (330 mL), and spirits (50 mL)	Questionnaire consumption	Higher risk of developing specific MetS after at least 6 years of follow-up with 7 alcoholic drinks/week	Barrio-Lopez M.T., et al., 2013
5801 elderly participants at a high cardiovascular risk	100 mL of wine, 250 mL of beer, 65 mL of liquors and 32 mL of spirits	137-item FF Questionnaire	Lower prevalence of the MetS in an elderly Mediterranean population at a high cardiovascular risk	Tresserra-Rimbau A., et al., 2015
66,485 women from the French prospective E3N-EPIC cohort	150 mL wine, 250 mL beer, 70 mL fortified wine, 40 mL spirits	Questionnaires, every 2–3 years, for 14 years	Wine, associated with T2D risk, only in overweight women.	Fagherazzi G., et al., 2014
67 men at high cardiovascular risk, after a run-in period	RW (30 g alcohol/day) or gin (30 g alcohol/day)	4 weeks	Beneficial effect of the non-alcoholic fraction of RW on insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease	Chiva-Blanch G., et al., 2013
224 patients with T2DM	150 mL of mineral water, WW, or RW with dinner	2 years	Both ethanol and RW non-alcoholic constituents can be beneficial to the cardio-metabolic risk in well controlled T2D patients.	Gepner Y., et al., 2015

FFQ, Food Frequency Questionnaire; MetS, metabolic syndrome; RW, red wine; WW, white wine; DRW, dealcoholized RW; T2D, type 2 diabetes. E3N, Etude Epidémiologique auprès de femmes de la Mutuelle Générale de l’Education Nationale; EPIC, European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition.