Table 5.

Association between wine consumption and cancer [45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59].

Clinical Sample	Dose/Type/Experimental Models	Main Results	References
2513 cases of ovarian cancer	Beer, RW and WW and spirits/questionnaire	Wine consumption was associated with a lower risk of cancer	Cook L.S., et al., 2016
476,160 individuals aged 35–70 years from 10 countries	Beer, wine, sweet liquor, distilled spirits/13.9 year	No association between alcohol and UCC	Botteri E., et al., 2017
301,051 women from 10 countries	Different types of alcoholic beverages/questionnaires	No associations between alcohol consumption and endometrial cancer risk.	Fedirko, V., et al., 2013
66,481 women aged 40–65 years from the French	150 mL wine, 250 mL beer, 70 mL fortified wine, 40 mL spirits/questionnaires	>2 glasses of wine/day in postmenopausal period increased the risk of breast cancer by 33%	Fagherazzi G., et al., 2015
167,765 women from the NHS and 43,697 men	Beer, RW, WW, liquor/FFQ	Alcohol consumption is associated with increased risk of cutaneous BCC	Wu S., et al., 2015
380 BCC and 390 controls with benign skin conditions	Wine, beer, hard liquor or mixed drinks/saliva sample and questionnaires	No association between lifetime alcohol intake and early-onset BCC	Zhang Y., et al., 2014.
59,575 white postmenopausal women	Beer, wine, liquor and gin, brandy and whisky/FFQ	Increased hazard of melanoma (MM) and risk of non-melanoma skin cancer	Kubo J.T., et al., 2014
210,252 participants from the USA	Beer, RW, WW, liquor/FFQ	Alcohol intake was associated with a modest increase in the risk of melanoma	Rivera A., et al., 2016
120,852 participants aged 55–69 years from Holland	Beer, RW, WW, liquor/FFQ	Wine consumption was inversely associated with overall risk of HNC, and HNC-subtypes	Maasland D.H.E., et al., 2014
24,068 men and women aged 39–79 years	Beer, wine and spirits/FFQ	Wine drinking associated inversely with lower risk of oesophageal adenocarcinoma	Yates M., et al., 2014.
3397 patients	Beer, wine and liquor/FFQ	RW, associated with longer overall survival and disease-free survival	Phipps A.I., et al., 2016
4966 cases of incident invasive colorectal cancer (CRC)	Beer, hard cider, wine, fortified wines, hard liquor/FFQ	Wine consumption modestly associated with more favourable survival after colorectal cancer (CRC)	Phipps A.I., et al., 2017
3146 patients with CRC from southwest of Germany	Beer, wine and liquor/questionnaires	Alcohol abstinence and heavy drinking behaviour were associated with poorer survival after CRC	Walter V., et al., 2016
141 patients with incurable invasive cancer	Wine arm and nutritional supplement arm/questionnaires and diaries	Wine does not improve appetite or weight in advanced cancer patients.	Jatoi A., et al., 2016

FFQ, Food Frequency Questionnaire; RW, red wine; WW, white wine; DRW, dealcoholized RW; UCC, urothelial cell carcinoma; BCC, basal cell carcinoma; CRC, colorectal cancer; NHS, Nurses’ Health Study.