Table 3.
Summary of effect sizes.
| Variable | Group | Mean Difference | 95% CI | Units | Effect Size | Classification |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FFM | WP | 4.2 | (3.1, 5.4) | kg | 0.44 | Medium |
| CHO | 3.6 | (2.3, 4.9) | kg | 0.42 | Medium | |
| FM | WP | −4.5 | (−5.8, −3.2) | kg | −0.67 | Large |
| CHO | −2.7 | (−4, −1.3) | kg | −0.4 | Medium | |
| PU | WP | 6.8 | (2.9, 10.7) | push-ups | 0.41 | Medium |
| CHO | 2.6 | (−0.7, 6) | push-ups | 0.18 | Small | |
| SU | WP | 9.3 | (5.4, 13.2) | sit-ups | 0.62 | Large |
| CHO | 8.9 | (6.3, 11.5) | sit-ups | 0.68 | Large | |
| Run | WP | −48.3 | (−63, −33.6) | seconds | −0.56 | Large |
| CHO | −74.2 | (−96.5, −51.9) | seconds | −0.74 | Large |
Mean differences along with 95% confidence intervals for the mean difference (lower limit, upper limit); Cohen’s d effect sizes are calculated for pre- to post-intervention changes in sit-up (SU), run time (Run), push-up performance (PU), fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM). Values in the positive direction indicate an improvement in the metrics for FFM, PU, SU, whereas negative values indicate an improvement in metrics for FM and Run (i.e., decreased FM indicates loss of FM and negative values for run performance indicate faster time at post vs. pre). Abbreviations: WP, whey protein group (n = 34); CHO, carbohydrate-placebo group (n = 35).