Table 5.
Adjusted associated factors of poor sleep quality by gender.
| Independent Variables | Female | Male | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR b (95% CI) | p | OR b (95% CI) | p | |
| Age category, years (≥60 as reference) | ||||
| 18–39 | 0.41 (0.27, 0.61) | 0.000 | 0.51 (0.37, 0.71) | 0.000 |
| 40–59 | 0.96 (0.74, 1.24) | 0.736 | 0.83 (0.68, 1.01) | 0.064 |
| Marital status (“divorced /widow/ widower” as reference) | ||||
| Married | 0.51 (0.31, 0.84) | 0.008 | 0.89 (0.66, 1.19) | 0.419 |
| Unmarried | 0.84 (0.66, 1.05) | 0.128 | 1.22 (0.95, 1.57) | 0.124 |
| Employment (unemployed as reference) | ||||
| Employed | 0.48 (0.33, 0.68) | 0.000 | 0.49 (0.39, 0.63) | 0.000 |
| Average annual income per person of a household (RMB) (≤1000 as reference) | ||||
| 1001–2300 | 0.06 (0.05, 0.07) | 0.000 | 0.05 (0.04, 0.06) | 0.000 |
| Living arrangement (live alone as reference) | ||||
| Live with others | 0.89 (0.68, 1.18) | 0.430 | 0.89 (0.70, 1.14) | 0.351 |
| Educational level (“Senior middle school or higher” as reference) | ||||
| Illiterate | 2.15 (1.32, 3.52) | 0.002 | 1.19 (0.84, 1.70) | 0.325 |
| Elementary school | 1.93 (1.18, 3.16) | 0.009 | 1.25 (0.91, 1.74) | 0.174 |
| Junior middle school | 1.65 (0.96, 2.83) | 0.071 | 1.26 (0.90, 1.77) | 0.185 |
| Salt intake (g/day) (>18 as reference) | ||||
| ≤6 | 1.29 (0.34, 4.87) | 0.709 | 0.35 (0.11, 1.12) | 0.077 |
| >6 and ≤12 | 1.30 (0.36, 4.71) | 0.690 | 0.39 (0.12, 1.22) | 0.105 |
| >12 and≤18 | 1.93 (0.52, 7.18) | 0.328 | 0.42 (0.13, 1.32) | 0.139 |
| Oil intake (g/day) (>45 as reference) | ||||
| ≤25 | 0.42 (0.15, 1.18) | 0.098 | 0.52 (0.26, 1.05) | 0.068 |
| >25 and ≤35 | 0.51 (0.19, 1.39) | 0.189 | 0.62 (0.32, 1.21) | 0.159 |
| >35 and ≤45 | 0.54 (0.19, 1.51) | 0.241 | 0.62 (0.31, 1.23) | 0.169 |
| Dietary content of food (primarily meat as reference) | ||||
| Balanced diet | 0.43 (0.16, 1.12) | 0.083 | 0.17 (0.07, 0.41) | 0.000 |
| Primarily vegetarian | 0.49 (0.19, 1.28) | 0.148 | 0.19 (0.08, 0.45) | 0.000 |
| Illness during the last 2 weeks (Yes as reference) | ||||
| No | 0.92 (0.65, 1.29) | 0.617 | 0.69 (0.52, 0.91) | 0.009 |
| Total number of chronic diseases (≥3 as reference) | ||||
| 0 | 0.46 (0.27, 0.78) | 0.004 | 0.37 (0.23, 0.60) | 0.000 |
| 1 | 0.57 (0.36, 0.91) | 0.019 | 0.54 (0.35, 0.84) | 0.006 |
| 2 | 0.64 (0.39, 1.04) | 0.069 | 0.88 (0.55, 1.40) | 0.589 |
| Self-reported disability (Yes as reference) | ||||
| No | 0.45 (0.35, 0.57) | 0.000 | 0.63 (0.53, 0.76) | 0.000 |
b Adjusted for age category, marital status, employment, average household income, living arrangement, educational level, salt intake, oil intake, dietary content of food, illness during the 2 weeks, total number of chronic diseases and self-reported disability. OR: odds ratio; and CI: confidence interval. Chronic diseases: hypertension, diabetes, migraine, asthma, thyroid disease, heart disease, thrombosis, bronchitis/emphysema, osteoporosis, arthritis, cancer, peptic ulcer, cerebrovascular disease and other major physical diseases.