Figure 3.

Effects of fucoxanthin (Fx) on α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and Col-1 protein expression in transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1-stimulated NPDFs. The cells were seeded at 2 × 10⁵ cells/mL and incubated with various concentrations (5, 10, and 30 µM) of Fx for 1 h, followed by TGF-β1 stimulation (1 ng/mL). After stimulation with TGF-β1 for 24 h, α-SMA and Col-1 protein expression was determined via western blotting. Untreated cells were used as a control (CON) and GAPDH was used as an internal control. Each value indicates the mean ± S.E.M. and is representative of results obtained from three independent experiments.