Table 1.
Main devices working on bone–implant vibrations.
| Device | Input Stimulus | Measured Output | Output Sensor | Critical Issues/Disadvantages | Major Advantages |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Periotest | Rod propelled by an electromagnetic driver | Contact duration | Instrumented tip | Impact location/device angulation Too-low sensitivity |
Minimum invasiveness |
| Dental Mobility Checker | Hammer | First resonance frequenc | Microphone + RFA * | Impact location/device angulation Double tapping |
Minimum invasiveness |
| Implatest | Rod propelled by an electromagnetic driver | Frequency response curve (smooth/noisy) | ‘Floating’ accelerometer + RFA * | Impact location/device angulation Qualitative output |
Minimum invasiveness |
| Implomates | Rod propelled by an electromagnetic driver | First resonance frequency | Microphone + RFA * | Impact location/device angulation | Minimum invasiveness |
| Osstell | L-truss + piezoceramic actuator | First resonance frequency | accelerometer + RFA * | Light invasiveness (the beam is screwed) | Good repeatability |
| Osstell Mentor/Osstell IDX | Magnetic peg + contactless actuator | First resonance frequency | Magnetic sensor + RFA * | Light invasiveness (the peg is screwed) | Good repeatability |
* Resonance Frequency Analysis.