Table 2.
Synthetic view of different devices for the assessment of implant stability.
| Invasiveness | Accuracy | Relevant Physical Quantities | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Method | Yes/No | Qualitative/Quantitative | |
| X-ray | Yes | Qualitative | Bone histology and morphology |
| Percussion test | No | Qualitative | Bone elastic properties, implant geometry. Interface properties: + press-fit and friction/osseointegration in vertical percussion tests |
| Stationary vibrations | No | Quantitative (numerical) | Bone elastic properties, implant geometry, interface properties: + press-fit and friction/osseointegration in vertical percussion tests |
| Reverse torque | Yes | Quantitative (pass/fail) | Interface properties: + press-fit and friction/osseointegration |
| Ultrasound | No | Quantitative (numerical) | Surrounding bone properties |