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Phage-bacteria dynamics. Interaction and evolution of phage and bacteria developing next generation defense mechanisms, and escape strategies. Bacteria have developed CRISPR-Cas immune systems, among others, that defend against predatory attack from phages whereas the phages also evolve (i) mutating their genome to escape CRISPR targeting; (ii) introducing mutations into CRISPR systems or (iii) developing anti-CRISPR proteins to inactivate the Cas proteins.
