Table 5.
Univariable and multivariable analysis for the associations between potential risk factors and A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura infections.
| Characteristics | No. of Tested (%) | A. lumbricoides | T. trichiura | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of Infections (%) | cOR (95% CI) | p-Value | aOR (95% CI) | p-Value | No. of Infections (%) | cOR (95% CI) | p-Value | aOR (95% CI) | p-Value | ||
| Sex | |||||||||||
| Female | 119 (37.07) | 16 (12.61) | 1.00 | 31 (26.05) | 1.00 | ||||||
| Male | 202 (62.93) | 17 (8.42) | 0.64 (0.31–1.33) | 0.236 | 50 (24.75) | 0.93 (0.56–1.57) | 0.794 | ||||
| Age group | |||||||||||
| <12 | 96 (29.91) | 11 (12.36) | 1.00 | 25 (28.09) | 1.00 | ||||||
| 12–13 | 140 (43.61) | 17 (12.98) | 1.06 (0.47–2.38) | 0.902 | 25 (19.08) | 0.60 (0.32–1.14) | 0.124 | ||||
| >13 | 117 (36.45) | 4 (3.96) | 0.29 (0.09–0.95) | 0.037 | 31 (30.69) | 1.13 (0.61–2.12) | 0.699 | ||||
| No. of family members | |||||||||||
| <6 | 67 (20.87) | 1 (5.97) | 1.00 | 14 (20.90) | 1.00 | ||||||
| ≥6 | 254 (79.13) | 28 (11.02) | 1.95 (0.66–5.77) | 0.224 | 67 (26.38) | 1.36 (0.71–2.60) | 0.365 | ||||
| Drinking unboiled water at home | |||||||||||
| No or Occasionally | 50 (15.58) | 4 (8.00) | 1.00 | 9 (18.00) | 1.00 | ||||||
| Always | 271 (84.42) | 28 (10.33) | 1.32 (0.44–3.96) | 0.649 | 72 (26.57) | 1.65 (0.76–3.56) | 0.202 | ||||
| Water sources at home | |||||||||||
| Springs | 276 (85.98) | 23 (8.33) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 66 (23.91) | 1.00 | |||||
| Wells or rivers | 45 (14.02) | 9 (20.00) | 2.67 (1.15–6.20) | 0.033 | 2.67 (1.15–6.20) | 0.033 | 15 (33.33) | 1.59 (0.81–3.14) | 0.224 | ||
| Washing hands before meals | |||||||||||
| No | 23 (7.17) | 4 (17.39) | 1.00 | 5 (21.74) | 1.00 | ||||||
| Occasionally | 233 (72.59) | 19 (8.15) | 0.42 (0.13–1.37) | 0.179 | 60 (25.75) | 1.25 (0.44–3.51) | 0.703 | ||||
| Always | 65 (20.25) | 9 (13.85) | 0.76 (0.21–2.77) | 0.677 | 16 (24.62) | 1.18 (0.38–3.68) | 0.806 | ||||
| Washing hands after defecation | |||||||||||
| No | 76 (23.68) | 10 (13.16) | 1.00 | 17 (22.37) | 1.00 | ||||||
| Occasionally | 169 (56.65) | 14 (8.28) | 0.60 (0.25–1.41) | 0.250 | 50 (29.59) | 0.60 (0.25–1.41) | 0.245 | ||||
| Always | 76 (23.68) | 8 (10.53) | 0.78 (0.29–2.09) | 0.627 | 14 (18.42) | 0.78 (0.29–2.10) | 0.554 | ||||
| Eating raw food at home | |||||||||||
| No | 43 (13.40) | 6 (13.95) | 1.00 | 10 (23.26) | 1.00 | ||||||
| Yes | 278 (86.60) | 26 (9.35) | 0.64 (0.25–1.65) | 0.360 | 71 (25.54) | 1.13 (0.53–2.41) | 0.768 | ||||
| Engaging in farm work at home | |||||||||||
| No | 104 (32.40) | 7 (5.77) | 1.00 | 28 (26.92) | 1.00 | ||||||
| Yes | 217 (67.60) | 26 (11.98) | 2.22 (0.89–5.58) | 0.080 | 53 (24.42) | 0.88 (0.52–1.49) | 0.629 | ||||
| Using human or animal feces as fertilizer | |||||||||||
| No | 17 (5.30) | 1 (5.88) | 1.00 | 2 (11.76) | 1.00 | ||||||
| Yes | 304 (94.70) | 31 (10.20) | 1.82 (0.23–14.17) | 0.638 | 79 (25.99) | 2.63 (0.59–11.77) | 0.195 | ||||
| Having a lavatory at home | |||||||||||
| No | 112 (34.89) | 11 (9.82) | 1.00 | 38 (33.93) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Yes | 209 (65.11) | 21 (10.05) | 1.03 (0.48–2.21) | 0.962 | 43 (20.57) | 0.50 (0.30–0.84) | 0.010 | 0.50 (0.30–0.84) | 0.010 | ||
| Types of lavatories at home | |||||||||||
| No | 112 (34.89) | 11 (9.82) | 1.00 | 38 (33.93) | 1.00 | ||||||
| Simple | 137 (42.68) | 13 (9.49) | 0.96 (0.41–2.24) | 0.927 | 28 (20.44) | 0.50 (0.28–0.89) | 0.018 | ||||
| Triple compartment or biogas pools | 72 (22.43) | 8 (11.11) | 1.15 (0.44–3.01) | 0.777 | 15 (20.83) | 0.51 (0.26–1.02) | 0.057 | ||||
| Living on campus | |||||||||||
| No | 35 (10.90) | 3 (8.57) | 1.00 | 7 (20.00) | 1.00 | ||||||
| Yes | 286 (89.10) | 29 (10.14) | 1.20 (0.35–4.18) | 0.821 | 74 (25.87) | 1.40 (0.59–3.33) | 0.467 | ||||
| Eating at the school canteen | |||||||||||
| No | 11 (3.43) | 1 (9.09) | 1.00 | 1 (9.09) | 1.00 | ||||||
| Only lunch | 24 (7.48) | 2 (8.33) | 0.91 (0.07–11.23) | 0.918 | 6 (25.00) | 3.33 (0.35–31.70) | 0.323 | ||||
| Three meals | 286 (89.10) | 29 (9.97) | 1.13 (0.14–9.13) | 0.996 | 74 (25.87) | 3.49 (0.44–27.69) | 0.225 | ||||
| A. lumbricoides | |||||||||||
| No | 289 (90.03) | – | – | 69 (23.88) | 1.00 | ||||||
| Yes | 32 (9.97) | – | – | 12 (37.50) | 1.91 (0.89–4.11) | 0.142 | |||||
| T. trichiura | |||||||||||
| No | 240 (74.77) | 20 (8.33) | 1.00 | – | – | ||||||
| Yes | 81 (25.23) | 12 (14.81) | 1.91 (0.89–4.11) | 0.107 | – | – | |||||
| Cryptosporidium | |||||||||||
| No | 313 (97.51) | 31 (9.90) | 1.00 | 78 (24.92) | 1.00 | ||||||
| Yes | 8 (2.49) | 1 (12.50) | 1.30 (0.15–10.91) | 0.757 | 3 (37.50) | 1.81 (0.42–7.74) | 0.441 | ||||