FIGURE 1.

The paradigm of the entire experiment. On Day 0, each smoker participated in an MRI scan session to collect the structural imagine, resting state fMRI, and ASL data. With a 24-h abstinence from smoking after the first MRI scan the 10 days treatment began. A 20 Hz rTMS was applied on the left dorso-lateral prefrontal cortex and the superior medial prefrontal cortex, sequentially. At each daily rTMS treatment session, each site received 1000 pulses with a magnitude adjusted to 90% of the resting motor threshold. The CO level, withdrawal, and craving scales were collected every day. After the last treatment (Day 10), the smokers had the MRI taken that was same as Day 0. In the following 25 days the CO level, withdrawal, and craving scales were collected randomly. Again, at the end of F25 (Day 35), the MRI data were collected.