Table 1.
General characteristics of the study population
| Variables | Total (N=62,845) N (%) | Depressive symptoms |
p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes, N (%) | No, N (%) | |||
| Contact with relatives | <0.0001 | |||
| <Once a week | 25,107 (40.0) | 2,200 (8.8) | 22,907 (91.2) | |
| ≥Once a week | 37,738 (60.1) | 2,529 (6.7) | 35,209 (93.3) | |
| Contact with neighbors | <0.0001 | |||
| <Once a week | 13,590 (21.6) | 1,327 (9.8) | 12,263 (90.2) | |
| ≥Once a week | 49,255 (78.4) | 3,402 (6.9) | 45,853 (93.1) | |
| Contact with friends | <0.0001 | |||
| <Once a week | 34,379 (54.7) | 2,882 (8.4) | 31,497 (91.6) | |
| ≥Once a week | 28,466 (45.3) | 1,847 (6.5) | 26,619 (93.5) | |
| Age (years) | 0.0003 | |||
| 65–69 | 17,973 (28.6) | 1,224 (6.8) | 16,749 (93.2) | |
| 70–74 | 17,952 (28.6) | 1,393 (7.8) | 16,559 (92.2) | |
| 75–79 | 14,665 (23.3) | 1,138 (7.8) | 13,527 (92.2) | |
| ≥80 | 12,255 (19.5) | 974 (8.0) | 11,281 (92.1) | |
| Sex | <0.0001 | |||
| Men | 25,746 (41.0) | 1,327 (5.2) | 24,419 (94.9) | |
| Women | 37,099 (59.0) | 3,402 (9.2) | 33,697 (90.8) | |
| Existence of spouse | <0.0001 | |||
| Yes | 39,155 (62.3) | 2,267 (5.8) | 36,888 (94.2) | |
| No | 23,690 (37.7) | 2,462 (10.4) | 21,228 (89.6) | |
| Monthly income | <0.0001 | |||
| Low | 34,322 (54.6) | 3,205 (9.3) | 31,117 (90.7) | |
| Lower-middle | 20,310 (32.3) | 1,145 (5.6) | 19,165 (94.4) | |
| Upper-middle | 5,536 (8.8) | 253 (4.6) | 5,283 (95.4) | |
| High | 2,677 (4.3) | 126 (4.7) | 2,551 (95.3) | |
| Educational level | <0.0001 | |||
| Elementary school or less | 43,401 (69.1) | 3,582 (8.3) | 39,819 (91.8) | |
| Middle school | 7,994 (12.7) | 519 (6.5) | 7,475 (93.5) | |
| High school | 7,980 (12.7) | 478 (6.0) | 7,502 (94.0) | |
| College or over | 3,470 (5.5) | 150 (4.3) | 3,320 (95.7) | |
| Labor status | <0.0001 | |||
| Active | 24,638 (39.2) | 1,213 (4.9) | 23,425 (95.1) | |
| Non-active | 38,207 (60.8) | 3,516 (9.2) | 34,691 (90.8) | |
| Perceived health status | <0.0001 | |||
| Good | 11,948 (19.0) | 362 (3.0) | 11,586 (97.0) | |
| Normal | 21,647 (34.5) | 1,026 (4.7) | 20,621 (95.3) | |
| Bad | 29,250 (46.5) | 3,341 (11.4) | 25,909 (88.6) | |
| Physical activity | <0.0001 | |||
| Insufficient | 51,345 (81.7) | 4,018 (7.8) | 47,327 (92.2) | |
| Sufficient | 11,500 (18.3) | 711 (6.2) | 10,789 (93.8) | |
| Perceived stress status | <0.0001 | |||
| Much | 12,703 (20.2) | 4,018 (7.8) | 47,327 (92.2) | |
| Little | 50,142 (79.8) | 711 (6.2) | 10,789 (93.8) | |
| Current drinker | <0.0001 | |||
| Yes | 27,124 (43.2) | 1,673 (6.2) | 25,451 (93.8) | |
| No | 35,721 (56.8) | 3,056 (8.6) | 32,665 (91.4) | |
| Current smoker | 0.9548 | |||
| Yes | 5,793 (9.2) | 437 (7.5) | 5,356 (92.5) | |
| No | 57,052 (90.8) | 4,292 (7.5) | 52,760 (92.5) | |
| Chronic diseases | <0.0001 | |||
| No | 18,296 (24.6) | 1,016 (5.2) | 17,280 (94.8) | |
| Yes | 44,549 (33.6) | 3,713 (6.7) | 40,836 (93.3) | |
| Total | 62,845 (100.0) | 4,729 (7.5) | 58,116 (92.5) | |