Table 2.
Complications and associated factors
| Characteristics | Total Complications | Hemoptysis | Pleural effusion | Pneumothorax | Subcutaneous emphysema | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rate | P | Rate | P | Rate | P | Rate | P | Rate | P | |
| Treatment | 0.142 | 0.386 | 0.672 | 0.252 | 0.032 | |||||
| MWA | 23 (16.5%) | 4 (2.9%) | 3 (2.2%) | 19 (13.7%) | 3 (2.2%) | |||||
| RFA | 24(24.2%) | 5 (5.1%) | 3 (3.0%) | 19 (19.2%) | 8 (8.1%) | |||||
| Tumor size | 0.450 | 0.669 | 0.419 | 0.530 | 0.267 | |||||
| ≤ 3 cm | 32 (17.9%) | 6 (3.4%) | 4 (2.2%) | 26 (14.5%) | 6 (3.4%) | |||||
| 3–5 cm | 12 (25.5%) | 2 (4.3%) | 1 (2.1%) | 10 (21.3%) | 4 (8.5%) | |||||
| > 5 cm | 3 (25.0%) | 1 (8.3%) | 1 (8.3%) | 2 (16.7%) | 1 (8.3%) | |||||
| Tumor number | 0.062 | 0.030 | 0.376 | 0.370 | 0.028 | |||||
| Single | 26(16.4%) | 3 (1.9%) | 3 (1.9%) | 23 (14.5%) | 4 (2.5%) | |||||
| Multiple | 21 (26.6%) | 6 (7.6%) | 3 (3.8%) | 15 (19.0%) | 7 (8.9%) | |||||
| Location | 0.603 | 0.398 | 0.721 | 0.315 | 0.715 | |||||
| Risk | 12 (22.2%) | 1 (1.9%) | 1 (1.9%) | 11 (20.4%) | 2 (3.7%) | |||||
| Non‐risk | 35 (19.0%) | 8 (4.3%) | 5 (2.7%) | 27 (14.7%) | 9 (4.9%) | |||||
| UICC stage | 0.878 | 0.158 | 0.841 | 0.494 | 0.410 | |||||
| I | 13 (22.4%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (1.7%) | 13(22.4%) | 1 (1.7%) | |||||
| II | 3 (15.0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (5.0%) | 3 (15.0%) | 2 (10.0%) | |||||
| III | 1 (14.3%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (14.3%) | 0 (0%) | |||||
| IV | 30 (19.6%) | 9 (5.9%) | 4 (2.6%) | 21 (13.7%) | 8 (5.2%) | |||||
MWA, microwave ablation; RFA, radiofrequency ablation; UICC, Union for International Cancer Control.