Table 2.

Health outcomes associated with energy drink (ED) consumption

Authors and health implications	Subjects/Methods	Conclusions
Pommerening MJ et al. J Surg Res. 2015; 199: 635-40. Hypercoagulable state and increased risk of thrombosis.	Thirty-two healthy volunteers aged 1840 y were given 16 oz of bottled water or a standardized, sugar-free energy drink on two separate occasions, 1wk apart.	EDs are associated with increased platelet activity via arachidonic acid-induced platelet aggregation within 1 h of consumption.
Hajsadeghi S et al. Anatol J Cardiol. 2016;16:94-9. Heart rate and electrocardiographic parameters.	44 healthy participants aged between 15 and 30 years were evaluated.	The consumption of energy EDs could contribute to heart rate decline and ST-T change in healthy young adults.
Avcı S et al. Am J Emerg Med. 2013 Nov;31(11):1624.e3-4. Arrhythmia.	A 28-year-old-man admitted to emergency department with ventricular tachycardia	Especially in high doses, caffeine can cause palpitations and supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmia.
Gunja N and Brown JA. Med J Aust. 2012 Jan 16;196(1):46-9. Adverse health effects	Observational study analysing data from calls regarding energy drink exposures recorded in the database of an Australian poisons information centre over 7 years to 2010.	The most common symptoms were palpitations, agitation, tremor and gastrointestinal upset. Twenty-one subjects had signs of serious cardiac or neurological toxicity, including hallucinations, seizures, arrhythmias or cardiac ischaemia. At least 128 subjects required hospitalisation.
Seifert SM et al. Pediatrics. 2011 Mar;127(3):511-28 Adverse health effects	The authors reviewed the effects, adverse consequences, and extent of energy drink consumption among children, adolescents, and young adults	Of the 5448 US caffeine overdoses reported in 2007, 46% occurred in those younger than 19 years.
Petit A et al. Rev Prat. 2012;62:673-8. Adverse health effects	The authors selected scientific reports between 2001 and 2011.	EDs could be responsible for negative consequences on health, particularly among subjects with cardiovascular disease.
Visram S et al. BMJ Open. 2016 Oct 8;6(10):e010380. Adverse health effects	A total of 410 studies were located, with 46 meeting the inclusion criteria. The majority employed a cross-sectional design, involved participants aged 11-18 years, and were conducted in North America or Europe.	A strong, positive association between the use of energy drinks and higher odds of health-damaging behaviours, as well as physical health symptoms such as headaches, stomach aches, hyperactivity and insomnia.
Ali F et al. Postgrad Med. 2015;127:308-22. Adverse health effects	Using PubMed and Google-Scholar, we searched the literature from January 1980 through May 2014 for articles on the adverse health effects of energy drinks. A total of 2097 publications were found.	Adverse health effects of energy drinks. The most common adverse events affect the cardiovascular and neurological systems.