Table 3.
Hazard Ratios for Type 2 Diabetes for a 20% Increase in Calibrated and Uncalibrated Intakes of Total Sugars, From Baseline (1993–1998) Through September 30, 2010 (n = 75,320), Women’s Health Initiative Observational Studya,b
| Model | Calibrated Total Sugarsc | Uncalibrated Total Sugarsc | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Energy Substitution | Energy Partition | Energy Substitution | Energy Partition | |||||
| HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | HR | 95% CI | |
| Age- and energy-adjustedd | 0.99 | 0.92, 1.07 | 1.22 | 1.09, 1.37 | 0.93 | 0.92, 0.95 | 0.94 | 0.93, 0.96 |
| Multivariable 1e | 0.94 | 0.76, 1.15 | 1.00 | 0.85, 1.18 | 0.92 | 0.90, 0.93 | 0.94 | 0.93, 0.95 |
| Multivariable 2f | 0.93 | 0.67, 1.31 | 0.94 | 0.87, 1.01 | 0.95 | 0.94, 0.97 | 0.96 | 0.95, 0.98 |
Abbreviations: AREE, activity-related energy expenditure; CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; T2D, type 2 diabetes.
a Findings from energy substitution and energy partition models.
bn = 6,621 T2D cases.
c Models with calibrated total sugars included calibrated estimates of energy intake and AREE, whereas models with uncalibrated total sugars included uncalibrated estimates of those exposures.
d Cox models were stratified by 5-year age groups and adjusted for age as a continuous variable and energy intake (total energy intake in energy substitution models; nonsugars and nonalcohol energy in energy partition models).
e Additionally adjusted for race and ethnicity (white, black, Hispanic, American Indians, Asian/Pacific Islanders, or other or unknown), marital status (never married, divorced or separated, presently married or living as married, or widowed), educational level (0–8 years, some high school, high school diploma or General Educational Development diploma, school after high school, or college degree or higher), smoking status (never, past smoker, and current smoker), hormone therapy use (never, estrogen alone, and estrogen plus progestin user), history of treated hypertension (yes or no), history of cardiovascular disease (yes or no), family history of T2D (yes or no), history of treated hypercholesterolemia (yes or no), alcohol consumption (never drinker, past drinker, <1 per month, 1–3 per month, 1–6 per week, and ≥7 per week), and AREE.
f Multivariable model 1 plus BMI plus waist circumference.