Table 1.
Natural and Synthetic materials used in injectable hydrogel systems for cardiac engineering.
| Material | Application | Ref. |
|---|---|---|
| Natural Materials | ||
| CNT dispersed in collagen type I hydrogel | Conductive hydrogel tested in vitro using (NRVM) | 48 |
| Porcine ECM cross-linked with genipin | Porcine ECM promoted endothelial differentiation of human MSCs. | 49 |
| Fullerenol/alginate | Antioxidant fullerenol was dispersed in alginate hydrogel and tested in vitro using BADSCs and in vivo in a MI rat model as BADSCs delivery. | 50 |
| Porcine ECM | Tested in vivo in a MI mini-pig model | 53 |
| Porcine ECM with mixed or conjugated doxycycline | Tested in vivo in a myocardium injection rat model. | 52 |
| Porcine ECM cross-linked with genipin or with chitosan | Tested in vitro using hMSCs and in vivo in a mouse subcutaneous injection model. | 53 |
| Type I collagen | Timing injection tested in vivo in a mouse MI model. | 54 |
| Decellularized cardiac and skeletal muscle ECM | Material characterization with potential to be used in MI | 55 |
| Chitosan chloride-RoY | Tested in vitro using HUVECs and in vivo in a rat MI model to promote angiogenesis | 56 |
| Fibrin gel with embedded GF and TIMP-3 | Tested in vivo in a Rat MI model as protein and cytokined delivery system | 57 |
| Chitosan gel with mixed gold nanoparticles | Tested in vitro using MSCs | 58 |
| pH sensitive chitosan hydrogel | Tested in vitro using hBMSCs and human hAMSCs | 59 |
| Synthetic Materials | ||
| CS-AT-di-benzaldehyde-terminatedPEG-DA | Conductive and antibacterial self-healing hydrogel tested in vitro and in vivo using murine myoblast cell lines. | 60 |
| PNIPAM-mPEGMA-MDO-MATA or PN-TA | Antioxidant and electrical hydrogel tested in vitro with myoblasts and subcutaneously in vivo. | 61 |
| PSHU-PNIPAAm-co-poly(L-lysine)CNT | Conductive hydrogel tested in vitro using NRVMs. | 62 |
| PEGylated silk fibroin functionalized with protein microspheres | Cross-linked hydrogel tested in vitro using human cardiac MSCs. | 63 |
| GelMA | Visible light cross-linkable hydrogel tested in vitro using primary rat CMs, ex vivo and in vivo using a MI rat model. | 64 |
| PEG hydrogel EPO | Tested in vivo in a rat MI model as iPSC-CM delivery system. | 65 |
| CTA-PLGA-PEG-PLGA-CTA | Conductive hydrogel tested in vitro using rat myoblast cell line and in vivo using rat subcutaneous injection. | 66 |
| PNIPAAm-co-HEMA-co-AOLA with MMP2 inhibitor | MMP2 inhibitor delivery system tested in vivo in MI rat model. | 67 |
| PNIPAAm-AA-HEMA-PCL functionalized with type I collagen | Thermosensitive hydrogel tested in vivo in a MI mouse model as a mouse MSCs delivery system. | 68 |
| PEGylated Fibrin | Tested in vitro using human CMs. | 69 |
| Single-wall CNT-PNIPAAm | Tested in vitro using ADSCs and in vivo using a MI rat model for delivery of ADSCs. | 70 |
| PNIPAAm-gelatin | Tested in vitro using NRVMs. | 71 |
| dex-PCL-HEMA-NIPAAm | Tested in vivo using MI rat model for delivery of ACE-shRNA. | 72 |
| PSHU-PNIPAAm-lysine | Tested in vitro using NRVMs. | 73 |
| Sulfonated PSHU-PNIPAAm | Tested in vitro for protein delivery. | 74 |
| PEGDMA-GelMA | Tested in vitro for muscle fiber formation | 75 |
Abbreviations: carbon nanotubes: CNT; neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes: NRVMs; extracellular matrix: ECM; adipose-derived stem cells: ADSCs; mesenchymal stem cells: MSCs; human umbilical vein endothelial cells: HUVECs; growth factors: GFs; tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-3: TIMP-3; Growth factors: GF; human bone marrow MSC: hBMSCs; human adipose MSC (hAMSCs). chitosan-graft-aniline tetramer: CS-AT; polyethylene glycol: PEG; poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide-co-acrylamide): PNIPAM; methylene 1,3-dioxepane: MDO; N-isopropyl acrylamide: NIPAAm; methoxy PEG methacrylate: mPEGMA; methacrylic-tetraaniline: MATA; carbon nanotube: CNTs; poly(serinol hexamethylene urea)co-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide): PSHU-PNIPAAm; gelatin methacryloyl: GelMA; encapsulation erythropoietin: EPO; carboxyl tetra-aniline: CTA; poly(D,L-lactic acid-coglycolic acid): PLGA; hydroxyethyl methacrylate: HEMA; D,L-lactide oligolactide: AOLA; matrix metalloproteinase-2: MMP2; acrylic acid: AA; poly(ε-caprolactone): PCL; dextran: dex; neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes: NRVMs; mesenchymal stem cells: MSCs; cardiomyocytes: CMs; induced pluripotent stem cell-derived CMs: iPSC-CMs; adipose-derived stem cells: ADSCs; short-hairpin RNA of angiotensin converting enzyme: ACE-shRNA; PEGDMA: PEG-dimethacrylate.