Table 2.

Islet cell transplantation using viral and non-viral vectors for the treatment of diabetes mellitus.

Vectors		Moderated substance	Administration route	Transplanted site	Effects	Authors (year published)	Reference No.
Viral vectors	Adenovirus	GLP-1	Direct transplantation	Left kidney capsule	Enhanced islet cell survival. Preserved islet mass. Achieved normoglycemia	Chae et al. (2012)	[54]
Non-viral vectors	PEG	Urokinase	Portal vein injection	Liver	Increased plasma insulin level. Inhibited IBMIR	Teramura and Iwata (2011)	[80]
	PEG	sCR1, heparin	Portal vein injection	Liver	Increased plasma insulin level. Normalized glucose level. Reduced islet cell damage by IBMIR	Teramura et al. (2013)	[81]
	PGA	None (only polymer layer)	Direct transplantation	Abdominal subcutaneous tissue	Normalized blood glucose level. Revascularized transplanted islet cells	Juang et al. (1996)	[82]
	PET mesh bag	bFGF	Direct transplantation	Intermuscular space	Normalized blood glucose level	Balamurugan et al. (1996)	[83]
	PET mesh bag	Agarose	Unknown	Peritoneal cavities	Induced blood vessels around transplanted islets	Gu et al. (2000)	[84]
	PET mesh bag	Agarose	Unknown	Peritoneal cavities	Induced prevascularization. Maintained normoglycemia over the long term	Gu et al. (2000)	[85]
	PET mesh bag coated with PVA	bFGF in agarose and hyaluronic acid	Direct transplantation	Subcutaneous tissue of dorsum	Induced angiogenesis. Normalized blood glucose levels in the long term	Kawakami et al. (2001)	[86]
	Cationic lipid reagent	VEGF	Direct transplantation	Left kidney capsule	Normalized blood glucose level. Preserved transplanted islet cells with increasing vascularization	Chae et al. (2005)	[43]
	R3V6 peptide micelles	siRNA-iNOS, 17b-estradiol	Direct transplantation	Left kidney capsule	Improved glycemic control. Reduced apoptosis of transplanted islet cells	Hwang et al. (2015)	[87]
	Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles	siRNA-human caspase-3	Direct transplantation	Left kidney capsule	Decreased apoptosis in transplanted islet cells	Wang et al. (2011)	[88]
	Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles	siRNA-β2 microglobulin	Direct transplantation	Left kidney capsule	Delayed onset of diabetes mellitus caused by immune rejection	Wang et al. (2012)	[89]

Abbreviations: GLP-1: glucagon-like peptide-1; IBMIR: instant blood-mediated inflammatory reactions; PEG: polyethylene glycol; PGA: polyglycolic acid; PET: polyethylene terephthalate; bFGF: basic fibroblast growth factor; CR1: soluble complement receptor 1; PVA: polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; R3V6: three arginine and six valine; siRNA: short interfering RNA; iNOS: inducible nitric oxide synthase.