TABLE 4.
Risk for Smoking Initiation by 5 PCL-C Symptom Clusters (2001–2012)
| PCL-C Clusters | Models | All Participants N=44,968 RR (95% CI) |
Subsample With PTSD N=1622 RR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Re-experiencing | Model 1: Unadjusted | 1.27 (1.20, 1.36) | 1.27 (1.11, 1.45) |
| Model 2: Model 1 + demographic characteristics | 1.15 (1.09, 1.22) | 1.21 (1.04, 1.09) | |
| Model 3: Model 2 + service-related characteristics | 1.12 (1.06, 1.19) | 1.21 (1.04, 1.41) | |
| Model 4: Model 3 + comorbid conditions/health status | 1.02 (0.95, 1.10) | 1.17 (0.98, 1.39) | |
| Model 5: Model 4 + other PTSD symptom clusters | 1.02 (0.90, 1.15) | 1.17 (0.94, 1.44) | |
| Emotional numbing | Model 1: Unadjusted | 1.29 (1.21, 1.37) | 1.27 (1.09, 1.47) |
| Model 2: Model 1 + demographic characteristics | 1.14 (1.08, 1.21) | 1.22 (1.03, 1.44) | |
| Model 3: Model 2 + service-related characteristics | 1.12 (1.05, 1.18) | 1.23 (1.04, 1.45) | |
| Model 4: Model 3 + comorbid conditions/health status | 1.03 (0.96, 1.11) | 1.22 (1.01, 1.49) | |
| Model 5: Model 4 + other PTSD symptom clusters | 1.04 (0.93, 1.17) | 1.06 (0.85, 1.33) | |
| Anxious arousal | Model 1: Unadjusted | 1.20 (1.14, 1.26) | 1.15 (1.04, 1.27) |
| Model 2: Model 1 + demographic characteristics | 1.09 (1.04, 1.14) | 1.10 (0.98, 1.23) | |
| Model 3: Model 2 + service-related characteristics | 1.07 (1.02, 1.12) | 1.10 (0.98, 1.23) | |
| Model 4: Model 3 + comorbid conditions/health status | 1.02 (0.97, 1.07) | 1.05 (0.94, 1.18) | |
| Model 5: Model 4 + other PTSD symptom clusters | 1.01 (0.94, 1.07) | 1.03 (0.92, 1.16) | |
| Dysphoric arousal | Model 1: Unadjusted | 1.22 (1.16, 1.28) | 1.28 (1.11, 1.48) |
| Model 2: Model 1 + demographic characteristics | 1.11 (1.06, 1.16) | 1.25 (1.07, 1.46) | |
| Model 3: Model 2 + service-related characteristics | 1.08 (1.03, 1.13) | 1.26 (1.07, 1.47) | |
| Model 4: Model 3 + comorbid conditions/health status | 1.00 (0.94, 1.06) | 1.28 (1.06, 1.54) | |
| Model 5: Model 4 + other PTSD symptom clusters | 1.00 (0.92, 1.09) | 1.13 (0.92, 1.39) | |
| Avoidance | Model 1: Unadjusted | 1.20 (1.13, 1.27) | 1.12 (0.99, 1.25) |
| Model 2: Model 1 + demographic characteristics | 1.11 (1.05, 1.17) | 1.05 (0.93, 1.19) | |
| Model 3: Model 2 + service-related characteristics | 1.09 (1.03, 1.15) | 1.05 (0.93, 1.19) | |
| Model 4: Model 3 + comorbid conditions/health status | 1.01 (0.94, 1.07) | 1.00 (0.88, 1.15) | |
| Model 5: Model 4 + other PTSD symptom clusters | 0.97 (0.88, 1.07) | 0.91 (0.79, 1.06) |
Demographic characteristics: age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, marital status, military pay grade.
Service-related characteristics: service branch, service component, occupation, combat deployment, deployment prior to baseline, separation from military service.
Health characteristics: physical component summary score, life stressors, panic/anxiety, depression, body mass index, alcohol misuse.
CI, confidence interval; PCL-C, PTSD Checklist – Civilian Version; PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder; RR, risk ratio.