Table 4.
Proxies to Smoking Cessation by Randomization Group and Time Point 1
| HIIT (n=12) | CA (n=9) | Control (n=11) | p-value2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cessation-Related Symptoms | ||||
| Craving (MNWS) | ||||
| Baseline | 1.58 ± 0.36 | 1.78 ± 0.32 | 2.27 ± 0.33 | ---- |
| Change to W4 | +0.09 ± 0.16 | −0.17 ± 0.79 | −0.20 ± 0.25 | 0.6984 |
| Change to W8 | +0.00 ± 0.19 | −1.00 ± 0.71 | −0.56 ± 0.29 | 0.2263 |
| Change to W12 | +0.25 ± 0.31 | −0.60 ± 0.51 | −0.50 ± 0.27 | 0.1894 |
| Withdrawal (MNWS) | ||||
| Baseline | 0.62 ± 0.15 | 1.25 ± 0.38 | 1.01 ± 0.22 | ---- |
| Change to W4 | −0.01 ± 0.10 | −0.50 ± 0.38 | +0.39 ± 0.26 | 0.1364 |
| Change to W8 | +0.23 ± 0.13 | −0.68 ± 0.39 | +0.33 ± 0.22 | 0.0560 |
| Change to W12 | +0.07 ± 0.11 | −0.09 ± 0.24 | +0.14 ± 0.18 | 0.7826 |
| Intention to Smoke (QSU) | ||||
| Baseline | 2.45 ± 0.56 | 2.78 ± 0.43 | 3.04 ± 0.48 | ---- |
| Change to W4 | +0.09 ± 0.55 | −0.53 ± 0.71 | −0.38 ± 0.47 | 0.8011 |
| Change to W8 | −0.40 ± 0.30 | −0.75 ± 0.67 | −0.78 ± 0.45 | 0.4667 |
| Change to W12 | −0.98 ± 0.60 | −1.40 ± 0.48 | −0.06 ± 0.57 | 0.3136 |
| Anticipated Relief from Negative Affect (QSU) | ||||
| Baseline | 0.48 ± 0.27 | 0.78 ± 0.26 | 0.60 ± 0.27 | ---- |
| Change to W4 | +0.25 ± 0.21 | +0.20 ± 0.56 | +0.48 ± 0.27 | 0.8507 |
| Change to W8 | −0.10 ± 0.15 | +0.05 ± 0.50 | +0.00 ± 0.12 | 0.8986 |
| Change to W12 | −0.13 ± 1.22 | −0.16 ± 0.07 | +0.14 ± 0.18 | 0.3764 |
| Depressive Symptoms (CESD) | ||||
| Baseline | 5.42 ± 1.23 | 6.44 ± 1.19 | 5.45 ± 0.92 | ---- |
| Change to W4 | +0.64 ± 1.05 | −0.17 ± 2.04 | +3.30 ± 1.34† | 0.3373 |
| Change to W8 | +1.13 ± 0.67 | +0.25 ± 1.93 | +3.11 ± 1.49 | 0.5377 |
| Change to W12 | +0.50 ± 1.09 | +4.00 ± 3.05 | +1.50 ± 0.93 | 0.6307 |
| Negative Affect (PANAS) | ||||
| Baseline | 12.67 ± 1.02 | 16.11 ± 1.93 | 16.64 ± 1.87 | ---- |
| Change to W4 | +0.36 ± 1.27 | −1.67 ± 3.47 | −0.40 ± 1.37 | 0.8144 |
| Change to W8 | +1.00 ± 1.12 | −2.50 ± 4.79 | −1.22 ± 1.61 | 0.6260 |
| Change to W12 | +0.63 ± 1.08 | +1.60 ± 1.78 | −0.10 ± 1.68 | 0.7160 |
| Positive Affect (PANAS) | ||||
| Baseline | 26.33 ± 2.66 | 25.89 ± 2.33 | 30.55 ± 1.60 | ---- |
| Change to W4 | +1.55 ± 2.39 | +3.50 ± 1.67 | −2.10 ± 1.92 | 0.1979 |
| Change to W8 | +0.25 ± 2.21ab | +5.50 ± 1.94a | −5.11 ± 2.23b† | 0.0153 |
| Change to W12 | +2.88 ± 1.39a | +4.40 ± 2.06a | −2.70 ± 1.56b | 0.0197 |
| Perceived Stress (PSS) | ||||
| Baseline | 11.42 ± 1.68 | 13.67 ± 1.76 | 12.45 ± 2.16 | ---- |
| Change to W4 | +0.45 ± 0.88 | +0.17 ± 2.20 | +1.70 ± 2.30 | 0.7311 |
| Change to W8 | +1.38 ± 1.87 | −2.50 ± 2.06 | +1.89 ± 1.98 | 0.4249 |
| Change to W12 | +2.75 ± 1.16 | +1.60 ± 2.94 | +2.90 ± 2.10 | 0.5889 |
| Risk Perceptions | ||||
| Cons of Smoking (DBS) | ||||
| Baseline | 27.00 ± 5.59 | 35.75 ± 1.70 | 34.71 ± 2.58 | ---- |
| Change to W12 | −2.86 ± 2.02 | −5.00 ± 2.86 | −1.57 ± 2.21 | 0.5152 |
| Pros of Smoking (DBS) | ||||
| Baseline | 20.57 ± 3.05 | 24.5 ± 4.43 | 25.71 ± 2.52 | ---- |
| Change to W12 | −1.43 ± 1.39 | −1.00 ± 1.08 | −1.43 ± 1.17 | 0.9906 |
| Absolute Risk (RPS) | ||||
| Baseline | 3.29 ± 0.13 | 3.75 ± 0.35 | 4.00 ± 0.21 | ---- |
| Change to W12 | −0.36 ± 0.33a | 0.00 ± 0.10ab | +0.38 ± 0.16b | 0.0261 |
| Relative Risk (RPS) | ||||
| Baseline | 2.40 ± 0.26 | 3.29 ± 0.10 | 3.24 ± 0.18 | ---- |
| Change to W12 | +0.24 ± 0.26 | −0.21 ± 0.21 | +0.26 ± 0.21 | 0.3279 |
| Motivation to Quit | ||||
| Action Stage (TSOC)3 | ||||
| Baseline | 10 (83%) | 5 (56%) | 4 (36%) | 0.0716 |
| W4 | 5 (45%) | 5 (83%) | 3 (30%) | ---- |
| W8 | 5 (63%) | 4 (100%) | 4 (44%) | ---- |
| W12 | 6 (75%) | 4 (80%) | 4 (40%) | ---- |
| Contemplation Ladder | ||||
| Baseline | 7.42± 0.65 | 6.56± 0.56 | 7.09 ± 0.64 | ---- |
| Change to W4 | −0.09 ± 0.62 | +1.67 ± 0.92 | −0.10 ± 0.74 | 0.2135 |
| Change to W8 | −0.13 ± 0.35 | +2.25 ± 1.31 | +0.56 ± 0.75 | 0.1375 |
| Change to W12 | +1.38 ± 0.84 | +2.20 ± 1.07 | +1.10 ± 0.75 | 0.7914 |
Values are Mean ± SE, Mean ∆ ± SE ∆, or n (%)
p-value for comparison between HIIT, CA, and Control per Kruskal Wallis test
Defined as tried to quit in past 30 days or willing to quit within next 30 days
p<0.05 significant within-person change from baseline: Wilcoxon signed rank sum tests
Pairwise comparisons are within rows per Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney tests; Values with different superscript letters are significantly different (p<0.05).
MNWS: Minnesota Nicotine Withdrawal Scale (Hugheset al., 1986)
QSU: Questionnaire of Smoking Urges – Brief (Cox et al., 2001)
CESD: Center for Epidemiological Study – Depression (Radloff, 1977)
PANAS: Positive and Negative Affect Scale (Watson et al., 1988)
PSS: Perceived Stress Scale (Cohen et al., 1983)
DBS: Decisional Balance Scale (Velicer et al., 1985)
RPS: Risk Perception Scale (Williams et al., 2011)
TSOC: Transtheoretical Stages of Change (Prochaska et al., 2001, 1993)