Table 2.

Summary of the main findings of trials investigating the use of sodium glucose co-transporter type 2 inhibitors in type 1 diabetes

	Perkins et al. [30]	Pieber et al. [29]	Tamez et al. [31]	Sands et al. [32]	Garg et al. [33]	Dandona et al. (DEPICT trial) [35]
Year	2014	2015	2015	2015	2017	2017
Study design	Single-arm, proof of concept study	Placebo-controlled RCT with variable dosing	Single-arm, proof of concept study	Placebo-controlled RCT	Placebo-controlled RCT	Placebo-controlled RCT
Agent investigated	Empagliflozin	Empagliflozin	Dapagliflozin	Sotagliflozin	Sotagliflozin	Dapagliflozin
No. of participants	40	75	12	33	1402	833
Duration of study	8 weeks	28 days	24 weeks	29 days	24 weeks	24 weeks
Change in HbA1c (%) compared to placebo	− 0.4 (p ≤ 0.0001)	2.5 mg empagliflozin − 0.35 (− 0.62, − 0.09), p = 0.01 10 mg empagliflozin − 0.38 (− 0.62, − 0.10), p = 0.008 25 mg empagliflozin − 0.49 (− 0.75, − 0.22), p < 0.001	− 0.55% (p = 0.002)	− 0.49 (p = 0.002)	− 0.46 (p < 0.001)	5 mg dapagliflozin − 0.48 (p < 0.0001) 10 mg dapagliflozin − 0.46 (p < 0.0001)
Change in total daily insulin dose (units unless stated otherwise)	− 8.9 (p < 0.0001)	2.5 mg empagliflozin − 0.07 (− 0.14, 0.05), p = 0.044 10 mg empagliflozin − 0.09 (− 0.16, 0.00), p = 0.013 25 mg empagliflozin − 0.08 (− 0.15, − 0.01), p = 0.023	Not reported	− 14.6% (p = 0.029)	− 5.3 (p < 0.001)	5 mg dapagliflozin − 6.79 (p < 0·0001) 10 mg dapagliflozin − 7.24 (p < 0·0001)
Change in weight (kg)	− 2.6 (p < 0.0001)	2.5 mg empagliflozin − 1.5 (− 2.4, − 0.7), p < 0.001 10 mg empagliflozin − 1.8 (− 2.7, −  0.9), p ≤ 0.001 25 mg empagliflozin − 1.9 (− 2.7, − 1.0), p ≤ 0.001	Not reported	− 2.2 (p = 0.005)	− 2.98 (p < 0.001)	5 mg dapagliflozin − 2.29 (p < 0·0001) 10 mg dapagliflozin − 2.98 (p < 0·0001)
Adverse events reported	Improvement in rates of symptomatic hypoglycaemia reported 2 episodes of DKA, but as a result of insulin pump failure and gastrointestinal upset leading to withdrawal from trial	No significant increase in rates of hypoglycaemia reported between groups No episodes of DKA reported in any group	No significant adverse events reported	Rates of hypoglycaemia among groups not numerically tested, but a decrease in hypoglycaemic events was observed in both groups 2 episodes of DKA in the sotagliflozin group, but was found to be pump-related by the study team	Increased rates of DKA in the sotagliflozin group (8.6% vs 2.4%), but statistical significance not commented on Numerical increase in rates of hypoglycaemia in the sotagliflozin group, but statistical significance not commented on	No significant differences in rates of hypoglycaemia or DKA between either of the dapagliflozin groups and placebo