Table 1.
Metformin’s effects on potential biomarkers of Pb-induced nephrotoxicity in rat urine.
| NAG (U/L) |
ALA (μg/mg Cr) |
d-LA (μmol/mg Cr) |
l-LA (μmol/mg Cr) |
GAA (μg/mg Cr) |
IAA (μg/mg Cr) |
HA (mg/mg Cr) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 3.19 ± 1.00 | 0.55 ± 0.11 | 0.32 ± 0.13 | 2.19 ± 1.00 | 19.35 ± 4.74 | 14.51 ± 4.42 | 1.09 ± 0.28 |
| Pb | 2.39 ± 0.41 | 24.25 ± 6.55**,$$ | 0.68 ± 0.28$ | 4.03 ± 2.82 | 26.31 ± 5.40$ | 16.70 ± 6.00 | 1.30 ± 0.51 |
| Pb + ML | 2.93 ± 0.66 | 23.50 ± 8.10** | 0.32 ± 0.08@ | 2.87 ± 0.62 | 33.21 ± 20.70 | 16.60 ± 3.97 | 1.40 ± 0.39 |
| Pb + MH | 2.68 ± 0.88 | 17.23 ± 7.43**,# | 0.87 ± 0.59** | 7.09 ± 4.95* | 38.90 ± 15.07 | 21.30 ± 3.63 | 1.27 ± 1.08 |
| MH | 2.94 ± 0.76 | 0.94 ± 0.15 | 0.99 ± 0.36** | 9.44 ± 4.01** | 23.90 ± 8.58 | 24.52 ± 4.80** | 0.68 ± 0.65 |
N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (NAG); 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA); d-lactate (d-LA); l-lactate (l-LA); guanidinoacetic acid (GAA); indole-3-acetic acid (IAA); hippuric acid (HA) *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 compared with control group using one-way ANOVA; #p < 0.05 compared with Pb group using one-way ANOVA; $p < 0.05, $$p < 0.01 compared with control group using two-tailed Student’s t-test. @p < 0.05 compared with Pb group using two-tailed Student’s t-test.
According to quantitative analysis, urinary NAG, IAA and HA were not significantly different between the 5 groups, except for urinary IAA in the MH group. In Pb-exposed rats, urinary ALA, d-LA and GAA were profoundly increased compared with control rats. After co-treatment with metformin, urinary ALA and d-LA were significantly decreased in Pb + MH and Pb + ML rats compared with Pb-exposed rats, respectively.
However, urinary GAA was not altered after co-treatment with metformin. In high-dose metformin (MH group), urinary d- and l-LA showed elevation compared with control rats.