Table 1.
Synergy-inducing chemokines heterocomplexes.
| Receptor | Heterocomplexes | Synergistic Functions | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| CXCR1/2 | CXCL8/Regakine-1 CXCL8/CXCL4 CXCL7/Regakine-1 |
Chemotaxis of neutrophils and of CXCR1-transfected Jurkat cells. | (24–27) |
| CCR7* CXCR5 | CCL19/CXCL13 CCL21/CXCL13 CXCL13/CCL19 CXCL13/CCL21 |
Chemotaxis of CCR7+ transfected PreB cells and human leukocytes (DCs, B and T lymphocytes). Increased chemotaxis of CCR7+ Sezary Syndrome (SS) cells. |
(23, 28) |
| CCR4** | CCL22/CXCL10 CCL22/CCL19 CCL17/CXCL10 and many others |
Chemotaxis of human T lymphocytes (Th1-Th2). | (29) |
| CCR5 | CCL5/CXCL4 | Triggering of monocytes arrest on activated endothelium under flow conditions. Blockade of CCL5/CXCL4 heterocomplex inhibits atherosclerosis in hyperlipidemic mice. |
(30, 31) |
| CCR2 | CCL2/CCL19 CCL2/CCL21 CCL7/CCL19 CCL7/CCL21 CCL7/Regakine-1 |
Induction of chemotaxis and responses in monocytes and lymphocytes. | (24, 32) |
| CXCR4 | CXCL12/CXCL9 | Recruitment of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in primary central nervous system lymphoma. | (20) |
| CXCR4 | CXCL12/HMGB1 | Promotion of monocytes chemotaxis both in vitro and in vivo. Tissue regeneration (liver, muscle, bone). |
(16, 18, 19) |
*
Additional CXC and CC chemokines have been shown in this study to act in synergy with the selective CCR7 agonists. Migration is enhanced in human mature dendritic cells, B cells, T cells, and CCR7-transfected cells.
**
Additional CXC and CC chemokines have been shown in this study to act in synergy with CCL22. Migration is enhanced in CCR4-transfected cells.