Table 2. Comparative studies of sonication culture with tissue culture and yield of positive cultures in patients with orthopedic implant-associated infection.
| Reference (publication year) | Country | No. of patients | Vortexing | Centrifugation | Sonication (prosthesis) culture | Tissue culture | Comments (number) | Diagnostic criteria applied | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sensitivity | Specificity | Sensitivity | Specificity | |||||||
| Puig-Verdie et al. [49] (2013) | Spain | 317 | NA | NA | 89.9% (98/109) | 99% (206/208) | 67% (73/109) | 99.5% (207/208) | Various implants: knee (98) or hip prosthesis (54), tibial inserts (13), acetabular components (22), fixation device (101), spinal device (20) | IOF, H, M |
| Vergidis et al. [47] (2011) | USA | 36 | Yes | Yes | 89% (8/9) | 100% (27/27) | 55% (5/9) | 93% (25/27) | Elbow prosthesis (36) | IOF, H, M |
| Piper et al. [45] (2009) | USA | 134 | Yes | Yes | 67% (22/33) | 98% (99/101) | 55% (18/33) | 95% (96/101) | Shoulder prosthesis (134) | IOF, H |
| Esteban et al. [50] (2008) | Spain | 31 | No | Yes | 94% (16/17) | 50% (7/14) | 88% (15/17) | 100% (8/8) | hip prosthesis (15), knee prosthesis (3), intramedullary nails (4), other devices (9) | IOF, H, M |
| Trampuz et al. [48] (2007) | USA | 331 | Yes | Yes | 78% (62/79) | 99% (249/252) | 61% (48/79) | 99% (250/252) | knee prosthesis (207), hip prosthesis (124) | IOF, H |
NA, not-available; IOF, Intraoperative finding; H, histological examination; M, microbiological or laboratory examination.