Table 2.
Factors associated with PPD.
| Variables | EPDS | 95% CI | OR | p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ≥12 | <12 | |||||
| Demographic factors | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Age | ≤ 24 | 8 | 22 | 0.4-2.4 | 0.9 | 0.89 |
| > 24 | 24 | 62 | Refer | |||
| Education | High school graduate and lower | 8 | 39 | 0.2-0.9 | 0.4 | 0.04 |
| College and higher | 24 | 45 | Refer | |||
| Address | Rural | 16 | 50 | 0.3-1.5 | 0.7 | 0.35 |
| Urban | 16 | 34 | Refer | |||
| Religion | Yes | 2 | 11 | 0.5-10.8 | Refer | 0.29 |
| No | 30 | 73 | 2.3 | |||
|
| ||||||
| Pregnant history | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Chronic disease (1) | Yes | 7 | 12 | 0.2-1.7 | Refer | 0.32 |
| No | 25 | 72 | 0.6 | |||
| Gynecological diseases during pregnancy (2) | Yes | 11 | 11 | 0.1-0.8 | Refer | 0.01 |
| No | 21 | 73 | 0.3 | |||
| First-time mother | Yes | 22 | 39 | 1.1-6.0 | 2.5 | 0.03 |
| No | 10 | 45 | Refer | |||
| Breastfeeding | Yes | 31 | 80 | 0.2-14.4 | 1.6 | 0.69 |
| No | 1 | 4 | Refer | |||
| Planned pregnancy | Planned | 25 | 76 | 0.1-1.1 | 0.4 | 0.07 |
| Unplanned | 7 | 8 | Refer | |||
|
| ||||||
| Interpersonal characteristics | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Family structure | Extended | 21 | 47 | 0.6-3.5 | 1.5 | 0.34 |
| Nuclear | 11 | 37 | Refer | |||
| Satisfaction about family life | Feeling happy | 8 | 55 | 0.1-0.4 | 0.2 | 0.000 |
| Having arguments | 24 | 29 | Refer | |||
| Communicate and interact with other | Limited than before | 23 | 31 | 1.8-10.6 | 4.4 | 0.001 |
| As before | 9 | 53 | Refer | |||
| Tell with others when struggling | Yes | 5 | 4 | 0.9-14.8 | 3.7 | 0.05 |
| No | 27 | 80 | Refer | |||
| Having stressful life-events (3) | Yes | 23 | 67 | 0.2-1.6 | Refer | 0.36 |
| No | 9 | 17 | 0.6 | |||