Table 1.
Publications on analysis of human herpesvirus 6 and/or 7 in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome
| Publication title | Author | Year | Study participants | Sample type | Method | Correlation assumed |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HHV-6 reactivation in chronic fatigue syndrome | Josephs et al. | 1991 | 7 patients, 2 controls | PBMCs | IFA, Southern blot | Yes |
| A chronic illness characterized by fatigue, neurologic and immunologic disorders, and active human herpesvirus type 6 infection | Buchwald et al. | 1992 | 259 patients, 47 controls | Serum, PBMCs | PCR, ELISA | Yes |
| Prevalence of human herpesvirus 6 variants A and B in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome | Yalcin et al. | 1994 | 13 patients, 13 controls | Serum, PBMCs | PCR | Yes |
| Antibody responses to Epstein–Barr virus, human herpesvirus 6 and human herpesvirus 7 in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome | Sairenji et al. | 1995 | 20 patients, 26 controls | Serum | IFA | Yes |
| Prevalence of IgM antibodies to human herpesvirus 6 early antigen (p41/38) in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome | Patnaik et al. | 1995 | 154 patients, 165 controls | Serum | ELISA | Yes |
| Active HHV-6 infection in chronic fatigue syndrome patients from Italy: new data | Zorzenon et al. | 1996 | 52 patients, 51 controls | Serum, PBMCs | IFA, PCR | Yes |
| Frequent HHV-6 reactivation in multiple sclerosis (MS) and chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) patients | Ablashi et al. | 2000 | 35 patients, 28 controls | Serum, PBMCs | ELISA, IFA | Yes |
| Dynamics of chronic active herpesvirus-6 infection in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome: data acquisition for computer modeling | Krueger et al. | 2001 | 10 patients | Serum, blood | ELISA, qPCR | Yes |
| Activation of human herpesviruses 6 and 7 in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome | Chapenko et al. | 2006 | 17 patients, 12 patients with UCF, 20 controls | Plasma, serum, PBMCs | nPCR, flow cytometry | Yes |
| Association of active human herpesvirus-6, -7 and Parvovirus B19 infection with clinical outcomes in patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome | Chapenko et al. | 2012 | 108 patients, 90 controls | Plasma, serum | ELISA, nPCR, qPCR, REA | Yes |
| Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome and gulf war illness patients exhibit increased humoral responses to the herpesvirus-encoded dUTPase: implications in disease pathophysiology | Halpin et al. | 2017 | 74 patients, 151 controls | Serum | ELISA | Yes |
| Human herpesvirus 6 and human herpesvirus 7 in chronic fatigue syndrome | Di Luca et al. | 1995 | 36 patients, 24 controls | Plasma, PBMCs | PCR | No: HHV-7 Yes: HHV-6A |
| Chronic fatigue syndrome: clinical condition associated with immune activation | Landay et al. | 1991 | 63 patients, 40 controls | Serum, plasma | IFA | No |
| A comprehensive immunological analysis in chronic fatigue syndrome | Gupta , Vayuvegula | 1991 | 20 patients, 20 controls | PBMCs, serum | FACS, IFA | No |
| Clinical, epidemiologic, and virologic studies in four clusters of the chronic fatigue syndrome | Levine et al. | 1992 | 31 patients, 105 controls | Serum | IFA, western blot, PCR | No |
| Simultaneous measurement of antibodies to Epstein–Barr virus, human herpesvirus 6, herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2, and 14 enteroviruses in chronic fatigue syndrome: is there evidence of activation of a nonspecific polyclonal immune response? | Manian | 1994 | 20 patients, 20 controls | Serum | IFA | No |
| Detection of human herpesvirus 6 in plasma of children with primary infection and immunosuppressed patients by polymerase chain reaction | Secchiero et al. | 1995 | 39 patients, 37 controls | Plasma or serum | PCR | No |
| Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS): a critical evaluation of testing for active human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) infection | Wagner et al. | 1996 | 107 patients | Serum, PBMCs | IFA, ELISA, nPCR | No |
| Viral serologies in patients with chronic fatigue and chronic fatigue syndrome | Buchwald et al. | 1996 | 548 patients (CFS, CF and FM), 30 controls | Serum | ELISA, western blot, IFA | No |
| Human herpesviruses in chronic fatigue syndrome | Wallace | 1999 | 76 patients, 73 controls | Serum | PCR | No |
| Human herpesvirus 6 and 7 in chronic fatigue syndrome: a case–control study | Reeves et al. | 2000 | 26 patients, 50 controls | Serum | PCR | No |
| No evidence of active infection with human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) or HHV-8 in chronic fatigue syndrome | Enbom et al. | 2000 | 8 patients, 7 controls | Plasma, PBMCs | PCR | No |
| Markers of viral infection in monozygotic twins discordant for chronic fatigue syndrome | Koelle et al. | 2002 | 11 patients, 11 controls | Plasma, PBMCs, serum | ELISA, PCR | No |
| Multiple co-infections (mycoplasma, chlamydia, human herpesvirus-6) in blood of chronic fatigue syndrome patients: association with signs and symptoms | Nicolson et al. | 2003 | 204 patients, 100 controls | Serum | PCR, Southern blot | No |
| Detection of herpesviruses and parvovirus B19 in gastric and intestinal mucosa of chronic fatigue syndrome patients | Fremont et al. | 2009 | 48 patients, 35 controls | Gastro-intestinal biopsies, serum | qPCR | No |
| Serological and virological investigation of the role of the herpesviruses EBV, CMV and HHV-6 in post-infective fatigue syndrome | Cameron et al. | 2010 | 20 patients, 10 controls | Serum | qPCR, ELISA | No |
| No serological evidence for a role of HHV-6 infection in chronic fatigue syndrome | Burbelo et al. | 2012 | 72 patients, 59 controls | Serum | LIPS assay | No |
| Human endogenous retrovirus-K18 superantigen expression and human herpesvirus-6 and human herpesvirus-7 viral loads in chronic fatigue patients | Oakes et al. | 2013 | 39 patients, 9 controls | Saliva, PBMCs | qPCR | No |
| Human herpesvirus 6 and 7 are biomarkers for fatigue, which distinguish between physiological fatigue and pathological fatigue | Aoki et al. | 2016 | 97 patients, 113 controls | Saliva | Real-time PCR | No |
CF chronic fatigue, CFS chronic fatigue syndrome, ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, FACS fluorescence-activated cell sorting, FM fibromyalgia, IFA Immunofluorescence assay, LIPS luciferase immunoprecipitation systems, nPCR nested polymerase chain reaction, PBMCs peripheral blood mononuclear cells, PCR polymerase chain reaction, qPCR quantitative polymerase chain reaction, REA restriction endonuclease analysis, UCF unexplained chronic fatigue