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. 2018 Oct 1;6:98. doi: 10.1186/s40425-018-0406-y

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© The Author(s). 2018

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 1 — Weaning-induced mammary gland involution is a dynamic, tissue remodeling process that promotes breast cancer. a H&E sections of Balb/c mouse mammary glands across a reproductive cycle show the presence of ductal (D) and alveolar (V) epithelial structures, adipocytes (A), and milk (M) secretions within luminal spaces from nulliparous (NP), lactation (LACT), involution day two, four and six (INV D2, INV D4, and INV D6) and 6 weeks regressed (REGR) glands. b Groups of age matched Balb/c mice were bred (parous/involution, n = 8) or not (nulliparous, n = 6). Involution cohorts lactated for 10 days and pups removed to initiate synchronous mammary gland involution. One day post-weaning, 20,000 D2A1 syngeneic breast cancer line tumor cells were implanted orthotopically in the 4th mammary gland of involution or nulliparous Balb/c mice. c Tumor growth was monitored for 3 weeks before mice were euthanized for tissue collection and analyses. Determination of statistical differences between NP and INV were based upon two-tailed Student’s t-test comparison with p < 0.0001 (****)