Table 10.
Limitations of the interventions
| Author | Country | Year | Limitations of the interventions |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cleary et al. [38] | Australia | 2005 | Sustainability of the intervention is challenging |
| Ferguson et al. [39] | Australia | 2007 | Difficulty in gaining consent from patient to be observed; skills of observer |
| Williams et al. [40] | Australia | 2009 | Too intensive thus affecting motivation and ability to attend all sessions |
| Travaglia et al. [41] | Australia | 2011 | Resistance from colleagues to change, and nurse/ midwives taking clinical leadership roles, time constraints |
| MacPhail et al. [23] | Australia | 2015 | Time away from clinical duties Short timeline from progamme implementation and limited evaluation of participants’ leadership knowledge and skills |
| Leggat et al. [42] | Australia | 2016 | * |
| Dierckx de Casterelé[45] | Belgium | 2008 | * |
| Miller and Dalton [25] | England | 2011 | Time away from the clinical setting |
| Leeson and Millar [26] | England | 2013 | * |
| Enterkin et al. [27] | England | 2013 | Intervention too long |
| Phillips and Byrne [31] | England | 2013 | Maintaining momentum generated by the intervention |
| Castillo and James [32] | England | 2013 | * |
| Stoll et al. [33] | England | 2011 | * |
| Miani et al. [34] | England | 2013 | Resistance to change from frontline healthcare providers who did not taking part in the programme. Short period of time to enable change |
| Runnacle et al. [35] | England | 2013 | * |
| Lunn et al. [28] | Ireland | 2008 | * |
| McNamara et al. [29] | Ireland | 2014 | * |
| Fealy et al. [36] | Ireland | 2015 | * |
| Patton et al. [37] | Ireland | 2013 | * |
| Pearson et al. [30] | Scotland | 2010 | Intervention very demanding |
| Martin et al. [46] | Switzerland | 2012 | |
| Kling [43] | USA | 2010 | * |
| Abraham [44] | USA | 2011 | * |
| Lekan et al. [24] | USA | 2011 | Without control group changes cannot be conclusively attributed to the intervention |
*represents missing data