Table 11.

Effects on ankle kinematics and gait pattern of impaired patients after training with a PAFO

Ref.	PAFO training	Comparison	Cadence	Walking speed	Asymmetry	Ankle RoM
Kim, 2007 [59] (Hem)	4 weeks	pre-/post- N U and P walking	↑ by 4% in P, similar in N	↑ by 35% in P ↑ by 27% in N	in step length: ↓ by 45% in P and 85% in N	/
Kim, 2011 [58] (Hem)	4 weeks	pre-/post- N U and P walking	↑ by 5% in P and by 2% in N	↑ by 38% in P ↑ by 27% in N	in step length: ↓ by 28% in P and 80% in N	/
Ward, 2007 [62] (Str)	8 weeks	6 min walk: pre-/post- N	/	10 months training pre-PAFO: increased by 225% (plateau reached); 2 months training PAFO increased by extra 48% (linear increase)	/	Better kinematics with PAFO than without, even if circumduction because of bulkiness PAFO
		3 meters walk: pre-/post- N		results in line with training pre-PAFO
		timed up and go: pre-/post- N		results in line with training pre-PAFO
Ward, 2011 [60] (Str)	3 weeks	pre-/post- P walking	↑ by 6%-13%, (depending on the subject)	/	/	↑ RoM by 32%-338% (depending on the subject)

The effects on walking cadence, walking speed, and asymmetry between the two legs are reported. The duration of the training with the rehabilitation PAFO is given

Hem: Hemiplegic patients; Str: Stroke patients; P, U, N: Powered PAFO, unpowered PAFO and no devices condition. In the work in which different experiments were performed (different comparisons) the common information between the experiments (for example, same PAFO training) is reported only once