WD activates NF-κB and IL-1β pathway. (A) VCAM-1, ICAM-1, and IL-1β, and (B) TNF-α protein expression were determined by Western blot. (C) RT-qPCR analysis of IL-6 to determine mRNA expression. (D) Phosphorylated and total P65 (NF-κB) as well as (E) phosphorylated and total P38 (MAPK) protein expression were determined by Western blot. Data were presented as means ± SD; ∗, versus LFD group, P < 0.05.