Table 1.
Characteristics of randomized controlled studies included in the final analysis
| Study ID | Country | Patients | PC/UC (n) | Setting | Care initiative | Intervention type | Duration (months) | Clinical outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jaber 199642 | USA | T2DM | 17/22 | University- affiliated internal medicine outpatient clinic | Pharmacist | Dosage evaluation, patient education, training on hyper and hypoglycemia, medication counseling, dietary regulation and exercise plan, and self-monitoring of blood glucose | 4 | HbA1c, FBG |
| Clifford 200243 | Australia | T1DM, T2DM | 48/25 | Hospital | MTC | Education and a brochure on risk factors, point-of-care cholesterol measurement, referral to their physician, and drug monitoring | 6 | HbA1c |
| Raji 200244 | USA | T1DM, T2DM | 50/56 | Veterans health care system | MTC | 3.5 day-structured curriculum, disease education, group discussion, lifestyle management by direct counseling or telephone intervention, and newsletter provided | 12 | HbA1c |
| Choe 200545 | USA | T2DM | 29/36 | University- affiliated primary care clinic | Pharmacist | Medication review and reconciliation, telephone intervention, lifestyle management, and self-monitoring blood glucose | 12 | HbA1c |
| Clifford 200546 | Australia | T2DM | 92/88 | Fremantle Diabetes Study | Pharmacist | Bimonthly newsletter, educational pamphlets, pharmacotherapeutic intervention, diet, exercise, and compliance with home blood glucose monitoring | 12 | HbA1c |
| Rothman 200547 | USA | T2DM | 112/105 | University of North Carolina General Internal Medicine Practice | Pharmacist | Intensive education and counseling, medication management, and applying evidence-based treatment algorithms | 12 | HbA1c |
| Suppapitiporn 200548 | Thailand | T2DM | 180/180 | Hospital | Pharmacist | Patient counseling, drug education, special medication container, and booklet provided | 6 | HbA1c, FBG |
| Fornos 200649 | Spain | T2DM | 56/56 | 14 community pharmacies | Pharmacist | Pharmacotherapy follow-up program, adherence education, and medication reconciliation | 14 | HbA1c, FBG |
| Scott 200650 | USA | T2DM | 76/73 | Community Health Center | MTC | Group session appointment, medication review, aspirin therapy and influenza vaccination education, lifestyle management, and telephone follow-up | 9 | HbA1c, FBG |
| Krass 200751 | Australia | T2DM | 149/140 | Quality care pharmacy program affiliated to 56 pharmacies | Pharmacist | Review of self-monitoring of blood glucose, disease, medication, and lifestyle education | 6 | HbA1c |
| Phumipamorn 200852 | Thailand | T1DM, T2DM | 67/68 | 30-bed community hospital | Pharmacist | Medication adherence, lifestyle management, and leaflet provided | 10 | HbA1c |
| Al Mazroui 200853 | UAE | T2DM | 117/117 | Military hospital | MTC | Drug education, lifestyle management, leaflet, and medication reconciliation | 12 | FBG |
| Edelman 201016 | USA | T1DM, T2DM | 133/106 | Two VA medical centers | MTC | Group medical clinic participation, disease education, disease, and medication review | 12.8 | HbA1c |
| Farsaei 201126 | Iran | T2DM | 87/87 | One outpatient clinic | MTC | Education and telephone counseling | 3 | HbA1c, FBG |
| Jameson 201018 | USA | T1DM, T2DM | 52/51 | AHPN | Pharmacist | Individualized education regarding diabetes self-management (diet, exercise, blood glucose level testing, medications, and insulin), early switching to insulin therapy after failure of two oral medications | 12 | HbA1c |
| Kirwin 201054 | USA | T1DM, T2DM | 150/151 | Four medical clinics | MTC | Medication review and treatment recommendation letter to physician | 10 | HbA1c, LDL |
| Taveira 201055 | USA | T2DM | 58/51 | VA medical center | MTC | Patients’ didactic education and behavioral and pharmacological intervention by pharmacist | 4 | HbA1c |
| Cohen 201156 | USA | T2DM | 50/49 | VA medical center | MTC | Four once weekly 2-hour sessions of education and behavioral and pharmacologic intervention review | 6 | HbA1c |
| Mehuys 201157 | Belgium | T2DM | 153/135 | 66 community pharmacies | MTC | Disease education, lifestyle management, medication adherence, and regular checkup reminding | 6 | HbA1c, FBG |
| Obreli-Neto 201127 | Brazil | T1DM, T2DM | 97/97 | Public primary health care unit | MTC | Group discussion, drug education, lifestyle management, patients’ counseling, and medication reconciliation | 36 | HbA1c, FBG |
| Simpson 201158 | Canada | T2DM | 131/129 | Five primary care clinics | Pharmacist | Medication review and implementation of guideline concordant recommendations | 12 | HbA1c |
| Siriam 201159 | India | T2DM | 60/60 | Multi-specialty tertiary care teaching hospital | Pharmacist | Medication counseling, dietary regulation, exercise, and lifestyle modifications | 3 | HbA1c, FBG |
| Ali 201260 | UK | T2DM | 23/23 | Two community pharmacies | Pharmacist | Lifestyle management, medication review, disease education, and medication reconciliation | 12 | HbA1c |
| Chan 201261 | Hong Kong | T2DM | 51/54 | 250-bed public convalescent hospital | Pharmacist | Disease education, medication adherence, and provided color stickers to identify drugs | 9 | HbA1c, FBG |
| Jacobs 201262 | USA | T2DM | 72/92 | Ambulatory general internal medicine setting | Pharmacist | Medication review, physical assessment, patients’ counseling, disease education, and lifestyle management | 12 | HbA1c |
| Jarab 201235 | Jordan | T2DM | 85/86 | 762-bed RMS hospital | Pharmacist | Structured patient education and discussion about type 2 diabetes, risks and types of complications from diabetes, prescribed drug therapy, and proper dosage | 6 | HbA1c |
| Kraemer 20115 | USA | T1DM, T2DM | 36/31 | Several employer-based health care plans | Pharmacist | Disease education, patients’ counseling, and referral to physician | 12 | HbA1c, FBG |
| Mahwi 201328 | Iraq | T2DM | 62/61 | Diabetic center | Pharmacist | Drug therapy problems and compliance by pill count and Morisky–Green test for drug adherence | 4 | HbA1c, FBG |
| Mourao 201334 | Brazil | T2DM | 50/50 | Six primary health care units integrated into the Brazilian public health system | Pharmacist | Patient education and/or pharmacotherapy changes | 6 | HbA1c |
| Samtia 201329 | Pakistan | T2DM | 174/168 | Diabetes clinics | Pharmacist | Disease education, drug education, and monitoring | 5 | HbA1c, FBG |
| O’Connor 201463 | USA | T1DM, T2DM | 92/103 | Kaiser Permanente Health Group | MTC | Protocol-structured telephone call and medication adherence reinforcement method | 6 | HbA1c |
| Chung 201464 | Thailand | T2DM | 120/121 | Major teaching hospital | Pharmacist | Medication review, solving drug-related problem, education on diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia | 12 | HbA1c, FBG |
| Cani 201531 | Brazil | T2DM | 41/37 | Teaching hospital | Pharmacist | Individualized pharmaceutical care plan | 6 | HbA1c |
| Jahangard- Rafsanjani 201532 | Iran | T2DM | 51/50 | Community pharmacy | Pharmacist | Blood glucose self-monitoring device, special logbook and education pamphlets, and medication reconciliation | 5 | HbA1c |
| Wishah 201530 | Jordan | T2DM | 52/54 | University hospital | MTC | Structured patients’ education and counseling for disease, medication, and lifestyle modification | 6 | HbA1c, FBG |
| Chen 201665 | Taiwan | T2DM | 50/50 | Hospital | Pharmacist | Assessment of adherence, pillbox, insulin injection technique, and medication regiment appropriateness (medication reconciliation) | 6 | HbA1c |
| Lim 201633 | Malaysia | T2DM | 39/37 | Hospital | Pharmacist | Booklet for disease and medication information, medication counseling, and education | 32 | HbA1c |
Abbreviations: PC/UC, pharmacist care/usual care; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; FBG, fasting blood glucose; T1DM, type 1 diabetes mellitus; MTC, Multidisciplinary Team Care; VA, Veterans Affairs; AHPN, Advantage Health Physician Network; RMS, royal medical services; LDL, low density lipoprotein.