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. 2018 Oct 2;8:14611. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-33066-x

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Multisite de novo mutations (MSDNs): (A) Offspring of male mice that were irradiated with 3 Gy showed a significantly increased rate of MSDNs¹. (B) The daughter of a Non Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) patient that was fathered after irradiation therapy had a MSDN of paternal origin. (C) Offspring of some radar soldiers (RS) that were potentially exposed to high frequency radiation during maintenance work, showed high rates of MSDNs. Depicted are families with at least one MSDN in at least one offspring. All 7 MSDNs for which the parental origin could be determined, are from the paternal germline (yellow shaded). Furthermore, a balanced (C-II-1) as well as an unbalanced translocation (D-II-1) could be identified that also originate from the paternal germline (see Fig. 2).