Table 2.
Crude and adjusted odds ratio (OR) of chronic kidney disease (CKD) associated with different factors.
| Variable | Crude OR (95% CI)a | p-valueb | Adjusted OR (95% CI)c | p-valueb |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex: Male | 0.87 (0.83, 0.91) | <0.001 | 0.82 (0.76, 0.88) | <0.001 |
| Age (Years) | 1.05 (1.05, 1.06) | <0.001 | 1.05 (1.04, 1.05) | <0.001 |
| DM Duration (Years) | 1.05 (1.05, 1.06) | <0.001 | 1.02 (1.02, 1.03) | <0.001 |
| Education | ||||
| Primary | 0.56 (0.52, 0.60) | <0.001 | 0.86 (0.79, 0.94) | 0.001 |
| Secondary | 0.40 (0.37, 0.43) | <0.001 | 0.83 (0.76, 0.92) | <0.001 |
| Tertiary | 0.40 (0.35, 0.45) | <0.001 | 0.81 (0.69, 0.94) | 0.006 |
| BMI category | ||||
| Underweight | 1.22 (0.97, 1.52) | 0.091 | 1.28 (0.97, 1.68) | 0.071 |
| Overweight | 1.09 (1.01, 1.18) | 0.031 | 1.15 (1.05, 1.25) | 0.003 |
| Obesity | 1.31 (1.23, 1.40) | <0.001 | 1.54 (1.42, 1.66) | <0.001 |
| Smoking | ||||
| Current smoker | 1.01 (0.94, 1.08) | 0.773 | 1.33 (1.22, 1.46) | <0.001 |
| Ex-smoker | 1.11 (1.05, 1.19) | <0.001 | 1.10 (1.01, 1.20) | 0.023 |
| Alcohol drinking | ||||
| Current drinker | 0.85 (0.76, 0.96) | 0.008 | / | |
| Social drinker | 0.76 (0.71, 0.82) | <0.001 | / | |
| Ex-drinker | 1.17 (1.05, 1.30) | 0.003 | / | |
| Receiving CSSA | 1.73 (1.60, 1.86) | <0.001 | 1.23 (1.12, 1.35) | <0.001 |
| CHD | 1.68 (1.45, 1.95) | <0.001 | 1.17 (0.99, 1.39) | 0.068 |
| Stroke | 2.15 (1.92, 2.40) | <0.001 | 1.43 (1.26, 1.63) | <0.001 |
| PAD | ||||
| Suspected | 1.26 (0.88, 1.78) | 0.198 | 1.12 (0.75, 1.65) | 0.572 |
| Yes | 2.19 (1.74, 2.75) | <0.001 | 1.66 (1.28, 2.16) | <0.001 |
| DR Status | ||||
| Non-sight threatening | 1.38 (1.30, 1.47) | <0.001 | 1.36 (1.27, 1.46) | <0.001 |
| Sight threatening | 3.06 (2.83, 3.30) | <0.001 | 2.60 (2.38, 2.84) | <0.001 |
| Ungradable | 1.59 (1.02, 2.44) | 0.038 | 1.08 (0.67, 1.72) | 0.740 |
| SBP | 1.01 (1.01, 1.02) | <0.001 | 1.01 (1.01, 1.01) | <0.001 |
| DBP | 0.99 (0.99, 0.99) | <0.001 | 0.99 (0.99, 0.99) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | ||||
| Elevated | 1.24 (1.15, 1.34) | <0.001 | / | |
| Stage 1 | 1.20 (1.12, 1.29) | <0.001 | / | |
| Stage 2 | 1.65 (1.54, 1.77) | <0.001 | / | |
| HbA 1c | 1.17 (1.14, 1.19) | <0.001 | 1.11 (1.09, 1.14) | <0.001 |
| TG | 1.21 (1.18, 1.24) | <0.001 | 1.32 (1.27, 1.38) | <0.001 |
| LDL-C | 0.96 (0.92, 0.99) | 0.016 | 1.03 (0.99, 1.07) | 0.152 |
| HDL-C | 0.51 (0.47, 0.55) | <0.001 | 0.61 (0.55, 0.68) | <0.001 |
Reference level for sex = female, education = no formal education, BMI category = normal, smoking = non-smoker, alcohol drinking = non-drinker, receiving CSSA = no, hypertension = normal, CHD = no, stroke = no, PAD = no, DR status = no.
aCrude OR estimated from the univariate logistic regression models.
bp-value of Wald test for individual factors.
cAdjusted OR estimated from the stepwise multivariate logistic regression model with all the above variables added except hypertension stages. The variable of alcohol drinking was eliminated from the final model during stepwise selection.